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SUPA 17/18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skin, mucous membranes, stomach acidity, complement system | exmaples of nonspecific defenses |
| complement system | blood proteins that become activated by bacteria and attract phagocytes to bacteria |
| inflammatory response | when histamine is secreted by basophils and mast cells to increase blood flow |
| immune response | when a foreign antigen stimulates antibody production; leads to pathogen destruction |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood |
| red blood cells | most numerous cell containing hemoglobin and carrying oxygen |
| red blood cell | erythrocyte |
| platelets | thrombocytes-clot clotting |
| white blood cells | leukocytes |
| neutrophils | most numerous and highly phagocytic |
| neutrophils | first to arrive at infection site |
| monocytes | largest, become macrophages |
| eosinophils | release substance that kills pathogens |
| basophils | nonphagocytic; release heparin and histamine |
| lymphocytes | NK cells, T Cells, & B Cells |
| NK Cells | natural killer cells |
| NK Cells | destroy virus-infected cells; produce perforin |
| T lymphocytes | derived from stem cell marrow; differentiate in thymus gland; end up in lymphoid structures |
| 4 kinds of T cells | cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory |
| cytotoxic T cells | directly attack infected cells |
| cytotoxic T cells | cell-mediated immunity |
| cytotoxic T cells | perforin, lymphokines, interferons |
| lymphokines | chemical messengers which attract macrophages |
| interferons | antiviral proteins |
| helper T cells | turn on immune system by activating killer T and B cells |
| suppressor T cells | turn off B and T cells after invaders controlled |
| memory T cells | persist for many years to prevent secondary infection |
| B lymphocytes | found in lymphoid tissue |
| B lymphocytes | responsible for antibody-mediated immunity; humoral immunity |
| Five classes of immunoglobulins | IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD |
| structure of immunoglobulins | 4 polypeptide chains |
| MHC | major histocompatability complex- cluster of genes that code for glycoproteins on the cell membrane |
| purpose of MHC | self-recognition |
| allergy | when the body produces an immune response to a harmless substance |
| anaphylactic shock | violent and life threatening allergic response |
| autoimmune disease | immune system attacks body's own tissues |
| examples of autoimmune diseases | rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, juvenile diabetes, lupus, Grave's disease, AIDS |
| HIV mechanism | releases RNA into cell, takes over DNA synthesis, destroys helper T cells |
| 3 diagnostic features of chordates | 1) notochord at some stage in development 2) pharyngeal gill slits 3) dorsal hollow nerve tube |
| 3 subphyla of chordates | 1) urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata |
| homeostasis | dynamic equilibrium |
| digestion | breakdown of food by enzymatic hydrolysis |
| product of polysaccharide digestion | simple sugars |
| product of protein digestion | amino acids |
| products of fat digestion | fatty acids and glycerol |
| salivary amylase | breaks down starch to maltose |
| maltase | digests maltose to glucose |
| peristalsis | involuntary muscular contraction of GI tract |
| pepsin | protein digester in stomach |
| rennin | curds milk protein to keep it in stomach longer |
| small intestine | place of completed digestion and absorption into blood |
| digestive purpose of pancreas | protein-digesting enzymes into the small intestine |
| bile | emulsifies fats in small intestine |
| villi | projections in small intestine that absorb digested food |
| lymph system | vessels, nodes containing lymph |
| large intestine | absorbs water; vitamin production |
| insulin | hormone produced by the pancreas beta cells that lowers blood sugar |
| glucagon | hormone produced by alpha cells of pancreas that increases blood sugar levels |
| diabetes | deficiency of insulin or body cells that do respond normally to insulin |
| cellular respiration | when glucose is broken down to form ATP in cells |
| alveoli | functional unit of lung; does gas exchange |
| hemoglobin | oxygen carrier |
| how CO2 travels in blood | bicarbonate ion |
| red blood cell | erythrocyte |
| white blood cells | leukocytes |
| platelets | thrombocytes; clot blood |
| plasma | watery portion of blood |
| 3 plasma proteins | globulins, albumin, fibrinogen |
| heparin | anticoagulant in blood |
| hemophilia | genetic bleeding dieases; blood does not clot properly |
| spleen | stores and recycles red blood cells |
| arteries | large blood vessels carry blood away from heart |
| veins | carry blood toward heart |
| capillaries | small vessels that exchange materials with cells |
| right atrium | heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body |
| right ventricle | heart chamber that pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation |
| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from lungs |
| left ventricle | pumps oxygenated blood to body |
| vena cava | returns blood to heart |
| aorta | how blood leaves heart |
| nephron | functional unit of kidney |
| urea | waste of protein metabolism produced in liver and excreted by kidneys |
| seminiferous tubules | where sperm are formed |
| epididymis | stores sperm |
| vas deferens | tube from epididymis to urethra |
| urethra | tube within penis through which semen exits |
| semen | sperm and seminal fluid |
| ovaries | female gonads: hormones and eggs |
| uterus | site of prenatal development |
| area of fertilization | upper third of oviduct |
| amnion | protective sac of fluid |
| chorion | membrane surrounding amnion |
| umbilical cord | connects fetus to placenta |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside of the CNS |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary |
| sympathetic | fight-or-flight responses |
| parasympathetic | relaxing responses |
| 3 types of neurons | sensory, motor, connector |
| resting membrane potential | outside nerve fiber is positive; inside is negative |
| Na+ | concentrated outside of nerve |
| K+ | concentrated inside of nerve |
| sodium-potassium exchange pump | pumps Na+ out and K+ in |
| refractory period | time between impulses |
| synapse | space between adjacent neurons |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals released at synapse that transmit the nerve impulse |
| examples of neurotransmitters | acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
| hypothalamus | part of the brain that controls body temp, thirst, blood pressure, etc |
| oxytocin | uterine contractions |
| ADH | retention of water by kidney |
| prolactin | stimulates milk production |
| GH | body growth |
| TSH | stimulates secretion of thyroxine |
| ACTH | regulates cortisol production |
| FSH | stimulates gamete production |
| LH | stimulates ovulation; stimulates testosterone production |
| T3 | thyroid gland hormone |
| T4 | thyroxine produced in thyroid |
| calcitonin | thyroid hormone that decreases blood calcium levels |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone that increases blood calcium levels |
| cortisol | adrenal cortex hormone; raises blood sugar level |
| aldosterone | adrenal cotex hormone; increases sodium reabsorption by kidneys |
| epinephrine | adrenalin from adrenal medulla |
| melatonin | regulates biological rhythms; pineal gland |
| thymosin | promotes maturation of T lymphocytes; thymus gland |
| secretin, enterogastrone and cholecystokinin | digestive tract hormone |
| erythropoietin | stimulates rbc production, made in kidney |
| prostaglandins | made by most cells; causes inflammation, pain, and fever |
Created by:
gaffney
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