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BCMB321
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sporophyte | ~2n stage of life cycle ~produces spores (1n) from meiosis |
| gametophyte | ~both egg and sperm ~1n ~after spores grow in mitosis; they undergo mitosis again to produce gametes (1n) |
| mitosis | ~in life cycle production of: *spore (1n) >>> gametophyte (1n) *gametophyte (1n) >>> gametes (1n) *zygote (2n) >>> sporophyte (2n) |
| meosis | ~production of sporophyte (2n) >>> spore (1n) |
| megaspore | ~haploid product of meiosis >>> embryo sac |
| microspore | ~haploid product of meiosis >>> pollen grain |
| gamete | ~specialized haploid cells sperm and egg ~fuse with another gamete to form >>> zygote (2n) |
| pistil | ~where pollination occurs ~female reproductive organ ~composed of stigma, style, pollen tube, ovule and ovary |
| anther dehiscence | ~shedding of its contents allows the pollen grain to be transferred to the stigmas |
| stamen | ~composed of filament and anther ~produces pollen ~male reproductive organ |
| pollen | ~tiny structures containing cells >>> sperm cells |
| synergid | ~guide pollen tube growth by releasing signals |
| polar nuclei | ~2 nuclei in the center egg sac ~become endosperm (3n) from union w/sperm ~during double fertilization |
| antipodal cells | ~3 nuclei (bangs) ~opposite of synergids and egg |
| morphogenesis | ~creation of form and structure |
| totipotent | ~ability to form an entire organism |
| egg | ~female gamete |
| sperm | ~male gamete |
| pollen tube cell | ~extension of male gametophyte that emerges from pollen grain ~delivers sperm nuclei to the ovule |
| generative cell | ~in pollen grain ~1n cell that undergoes mitosis >>> 2 sperm nuclei >>> double fertilization |
| zygote | ~2n cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg |
| embryo sac | ~female gametophyte |
| stigma | ~apical end of the style ~where deposited pollen enters pistil |
| style | ~narrow elongated part of the pistil ~between ovary & stigma ~pollen travels down it ~stalk of the carpel |
| ovary | ~structure containing egg cells ~base of a pistil in a flower ~organ that bears the ovules of a flower |
| ovule | ~small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant |
| integument | ~become the seed coat ~"hair" |
| micropyle | ~small opening in integument ~where the pollen tube may be inserted |
| self incompatibility | ~intraspecific (plant can't pollinate itself; must come from another) ~interspecific (pollen can't germinate due to lack of adhesion, no rehydration = it only lands on stigma) ~to prevent self fertilization and generate genetic diversity |
| double fertilization | ~1st: sperm + egg= zygote (2n) ~2nd: central cell + sperm= endosperm (3n) |
| endosperm | ~becomes tissue in the embryo |
| embryo | ~young organism that develops from a zygote |
| cotyledon | ~Leaflike structure of a plant embryo ~transfer of stored nutrients to embryo |
| monocot | ~store energy in endosperm ~grains |
| dicot | ~store energy in cotyledons ~legumes and nuts |
| phytohormone | ~chemical messenger that transports a signal from 1 cell to another ~regulate plant growth ~development w/ low levels of concentration |
| auxin | ~aromatic ring w/carboxyl group ~tryptophan (precursor) ~synthesis: shoot apical meristem and young tissue ~degradation: oxidation and conjugation with amino acids ~transport: polar w/ transporters thru parenchyma cells ~receptor: E3 ubiqutin ~recep |
| gibberellin | ~4 ring w/carboxyl ~IPP (precursor) ~synthesis: many parts ~degradation: oxidation ~transport: tissues where it is in vasculature ~receptor: GIDI ~receptor localization: cytosol |
| abscisic acid | ~1 ring w/carboxyl ~IPP (precursor) ~synthesis: during stress ~degradation: oxidation and conjugation w/monosaccharides ~transport: thru vasculature ~receptor: PYR/PYL ~receptor localization: cytosol |
| cytokinin | ~nonacid, all have adenine ~IPP (precursor) ~synthesis: root tip ~degradation: oxidation ~transport: Bottom-up, from roots >>> shoot (xylem) with the stream of water and minerals ~receptor: HIS kinase ~receptor localization: membrane |
| ethylene | ~Nonacid; a gas that promotes fruit ripening ~amino acids (precursor) ~synthesis: lower level tissues ~degradation: diffusion outward ~transport: nothing special, acts as a gas ~receptor: HIS kinase receptor localization: membrane |
| brassinosteriod | ~Nonacid; have sterol with tetracyclic ring structure; resemble animal hormones ~IPP (precursor) ~synthesis: lower level tissues ~degradation: oxidation ~transport: locally ~receptor: BRI1 ~receptor localization: membrane |
| jasmonic acid | ~defense responsive to chewing insects and herbivores ~severe mechanical damage of plant cells ~lignin ~antioxidants ~proteinase inhibitors impair insect digestive enzymes |
| salicyclic acid | ~1 ring w/COOH and OH ~important for SA response (no immunity) ~not mobile signal ~nahG/nahG (enzyme) destroys SA w/o role of SAR ~important for develop of SAR in tissues remote from infection |
| IAA | ~can be used for plant development ~storage: thru conjugation to different molecules ~degradation: oxidation and conjugation |
| 2,4 D | ~used as herbicide |
| DR5 promoter | ~activated by auxin |
| conjugation | ~pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes |
| bakanae | ~foolish seedling |
| terpenoid pathway | ~plant specific pathway generating multiple chemicals from IPP |
| transcription factor | ~proteins that interact w/ DNA or other proteins regulating the fxn of RNA polymerase, neg. or pos ~2-3 structural features ~DNA binding domain ~activation/repression domain ~regulatory domain |
| proteasome | ~complex of proteins-binds and removes ubiquitine and dismantles |
| E3 ubiquitin ligase | ~3 enzymes (E1, E2, E3) ~E3 chooses which are ubiquitylated ~E1 and E2 assist by bringing ubiquitine ~once ubiquitine its recognized by proteasome |
| etiolate | ~bleach and alter the natural development by excluding sunlight |
| de etiolate | ~regulated by both red and blue light receptor ~phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin (all 3) |
| photomorphogenesis | ~light develop |
| skotomorphogenesis | ~dark develop |
| circadian rhythm | ~daily rhythms ~phytochrome and cryptochrome (both of the red) |
| shade avoidance | ~as much light as possible ~phytochrome (red) |
| phototropism | ~directional response to light ~phototropin (blue light) |
| phototropin | ~blue light receptor ~composed of protein and FMN ~not photoreversible ~receptors: phot1 and phot2 ~changes the conformation of the molecule and activates kinase domain >>> autophosphorylation ~de-etiolation ~stomata opening ~chloroplast movement |
| phytochrome | ~composed of pytochromobilin ~receptors: PHYA-E ~changes the conformation of the molecule and exposes NLS ~de-etiolation ~circadian rhythms ~flowering ~seed germination ~shade avoidance ~photoreversible |
| cryptochrome | ~composed of FAD and pterin ~receptors: CRY1 and CRY2 ~changes the conformation of the molecule and FAD is reduced ~de-etiolation ~circadian rhythms ~flowering ~not photoreversible |
| phytochromobilin | ~chromophore of phytochrome ~3 steps: light absorbs, isomerization of chromophore and change in apoprotein structure |
| photoreceptor | ~3 major receptors ~sensing light ~transmit signal which triggers the ~composed of proteins and chromophore |
| chromophore | ~absorb light ~2 forms: Pr >> active form of PHYB and Pfr >> active form of PHYA |
| photoreversible | ~when light can switch between 2 forms |
| nuclear localization signal | ~when signal covered protein stays in cytoplasm |
| photolyase | ~absorbs light and uses this energy to cleave the thymine dimer. |
| suspensor | ~temp. ~dies when embryo is grown ~tissue that connects endosperm to an embryo ~1 row of cells |
| apical cell | ~upper part of the zygote that gives rise to the multicellular embryo |
| basal cell | ~the lower part of the zygote that forms the suspensor |
| hypocotyl | ~part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons ~forming a connection with the radicle. |
| globular embryo | ~1st stage of the embryo ~rattle shape >>> hypophysis |
| heart embryo | ~embryo is heart shape ~cotyledons begin to appear |
| torpedo embryo | ~cotyledons enlarge ~endosperm lessens ~tissues become differentiated |
| walking stick embryo | ~embryo shaped like a comb ~middle pick is where meristem will form |
| desiccation tolerance | ~withstand desiccation and recover when water is available again |
| quiescent state | ~seeds don't germinate due to dryness ~when hydration is added >> germination |
| dormancy | ~not all seeds ~seeds need additional signals to germinate ~coat (mother) imposed vs. embryo (w/o gas) imposed ~allows for conditions |
| LEA proteins | ~protect other proteins from drying out or changes in solute concentrations |
| vivipary | ~embryo develops inside the body of the mother ~preharvest sprouting |
| scarification | ~damage to seed coat ~done by freezing, microbes, fire or digestive tract in animals ~release the seed from dormancy |
| afterripenning | ~seed drying ~release the seed from dormancy |
| stratification | ~chilling ~release the seed from dormancy |
| meristem (auxillary) | ~forms on axil between petiole and stem ~always on the adaxial side (top) ~growth is surpressed due to apical dominance ~auxin surpresses the growth of auxillary buds (remotely) |
| mitosis | ~division of single nucleus ~producing 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei |
| meiosis | ~division were number of chromosomes decreases by 1/2 ~producing sex cells (gametes or spores) |
| phototropism $~directional response to light | |
| ~phototropin (blue light) | phototropin $~blue light receptor |
| ~composed of protein and FMN | |
| ~not photoreversible | |
| ~receptors: phot1 and phot2 | |
| ~changes the conformation of the molecule and activates kinase domain >>> autophosphorylation | |
| ~de-etiolation | |
| ~stomata opening | |
| ~chloroplast movement | |
| ~movement of auxin to shaded side | |
| ~phototropism | phytochrome $~composed of pytochromobilin |
| ~receptors: PHYA-E | |
| ~changes the conformation of the molecule and exposes NLS | |
| ~de-etiolation | |
| ~circadian rhythms | |
| ~flowering | |
| ~seed germination | |
| ~shade avoidance | |
| ~photoreversible | cryptochrome $~composed of FAD and pterin |
| ~receptors: CRY1 and CRY2 | |
| ~changes the conformation of the molecule and FAD is reduced | |
| ~de-etiolation | |
| ~circadian rhythms | |
| ~flowering | |
| ~not photoreversible | phytochromobilin $~chromophore of phytochrome |
| ~3 steps: light absorbs, isomerization of chromophore and change in apoprotein structure | photoreceptor $~3 major receptors |
| ~sensing light | |
| ~transmit signal which triggers the | |
| ~composed of proteins and chromophore | chromophore $~absorb light |
| ~2 forms: Pr >> active form of PHYB and Pfr >> active form of PHYA | photoreversible $~when light can switch between 2 forms |
| ~dies when embryo is grown | |
| ~tissue that connects endosperm to an embryo | |
| ~1 row of cells | apical cell $~upper part of the zygote that gives rise to the multicellular embryo |
| ~forming a connection with the radicle. | globular embryo $~1st stage of the embryo |
| ~rattle shape >>> hypophysis | heart embryo $~embryo is heart shape |
| ~cotyledons begin to appear | torpedo embryo $~cotyledons enlarge |
| ~endosperm lessens | |
| ~tissues become differentiated | walking stick embryo $~embryo shaped like a comb |
| ~middle pick is where meristem will form | desiccation tolerance $~withstand desiccation and recover when water is available again |
| ~when hydration is added >> germination | dormancy $~not all seeds |
| ~seeds need additional signals to germinate | |
| ~coat (mother) imposed vs. embryo (w/o gas) imposed | |
| ~allows for conditions | LEA proteins $~protect other proteins from drying out or changes in solute concentrations |
| ~preharvest sprouting | scarification $~damage to seed coat |
| ~done by freezing, microbes, fire or digestive tract in animals | |
| ~release the seed from dormancy | afterripenning $~seed drying |
| ~release the seed from dormancy | stratification $~chilling |
| ~release the seed from dormancy | meristem (auxillary) $~forms on axil between petiole and stem |
| ~always on the adaxial side (top) | |
| ~growth is surpressed due to apical dominance | |
| ~auxin surpresses the growth of auxillary buds (remotely) | mitosis $~division of single nucleus |
| ~producing 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei | meiosis $~division were number of chromosomes decreases by 1/2 |
| ~producing sex cells (gametes or spores) |
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