Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio 111 Final Exam
all the remaining vocab that is on the final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phenotype | Visible appearance of an organism |
| Genotype | Genetic composition of an organism |
| True breeding | Homozygous (two of the same alleles) |
| Monohybrid Crosses | Studied inheritance of one trait |
| Diploid | Has two copies/alleles of each gene |
| Law of Segregation | During meiosis, alleles segregate so that each gamete has one allele for each gene |
| Allele | One of two or more forms of a gene (example: Pp), occur at same locus on a gene |
| Locus | Location of a gene on homologous chromosomes |
| Homozygous | Two of same allele |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles |
| Homozygous Dominant | PP |
| Homozygous Recessive | pp |
| Heterozygous | Pp |
| Multiplicative Law of Probability | Chance of two independent events occuring together is the product of the chance of them occuring separately |
| Additive Law of Probability | Chance of an event that can occur in two or more different ways is the sum of the individual chances |
| Testcross | cross an organism with the dominant phenotype with an organism with the recessive phenotype. |
| Dihybrid Cross | Inheritance of two traits is studied |
| Two-Trait testcross | Used to determine whether an individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominant for either of two traits |
| Amniocentesis | Remove amniotic fluid which has DNA, the DNA is examined and used to detect chromosomal abnormalities |
| Chorionic Villi Sampling | Removes cells of the chorionic villi |
| Karyotype | Chromosomes photographed and arranged |
| Nondisjunction | Homologous chromosomes don’t separate in Meiosis I or sister chromatids don’t separate during Meiosis II |
| Trisomy | Three copies of one chromosome |
| Downs Syndrome | Trisomy 21, mental retardation, wide flat face, slanted eyelids |
| Gart Gene | Causes increased purines in the blood, causes mental retardation |
| Triploid | 3 copies of every chromosome |
| Turner Syndrome | Only one X Chromosome |
| Klinefelter | 2 or more X Chromosomes |
| Jacob Syndrome | XYY, taller, lots of acne, lower intelligence level |
| Huntington’s Disease | Dominant autosomal disease, severe neurological problems, eventually death |
| Cystic fibrosis | Thick mucus in lungs and digestive tract |
| Tay Sachs | Develop neurological problems, seizures, death by age 5 |
| Phenylketunuria (PKU) | Can’t metabolize Phenylalanine, leads to mental retardation if not detected early and put on special diet |
| Balanced Polymorphism | Heterozygotes may be protected from a totally different disease |
| Viruses | Not living, don’t replicate or carry out metabolism by themselves, must be taken up by a living cell to replicate, smaller than bacteria, can infect many different species, have a capsid and use nucleic acid as the genetic material (DNA or RNA) |
| Bacteriaphage | Viruses that infect bacteria |
| Capsid | Protein coat |
| Viral envelope | membrane surrounding capsid, membrane from host cell with spikes of viral protein |
| Lambda Phage | Infects E.coli bacteria, dsDNA, complex capsid, no membrane |
| HIV | Infects human helper T cells, ssRNA retrovirus, capsid + envelope |
| Integrase | Viral enzyme that cuts open cell’s chromosome and pastes the viral DNA inside |
| Prophage | When phage DNA is inserted into bacterial DNA |
| Lysogenic Cycle | Virus remains latent |
| Lytic Cycle | Bacteriaphage are released by lysing bacterial cells |
| Lysozyme | Digests cell wall, bacteria bursts, phage released to infect other cells |
| Retrovirus | Utilizes an enzyme to reverse genetic transcription, has a template for DNA |
| Mitosis | Makes two identical cells (same DNA, Identical to the parent cell), diploid and haploid cells undergo mitosis |
| Centrosomes | Become pole of spindle |
| Cytokinesis | Division of cytoplasm, means cell division is complete |
| Interphase | Includes G1, S, and G2 Phase, DNA is in chromatin form, Centrosomes replicated (centrosomes become poles of spindle) |
| Prophase | Nuclear membrane breaks down, Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes, spindle forms |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes attach to the spindle, and line up in the middle of the cell |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes split apart, chromosomes go to opposite ends of the poles, cell elongates, cytokinesis begins |
| Telophase | Chromosomes go back into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, spindle disappears |
| Meiosis | Reduction division, daughter cell have half the number of chromosomes as parent cells and DNA is different, happens in M Phase, only in sperm and eggs (reproductive cells that make gametes), 4 haploid cells made |
| Crossing Over | Happens in Prophase, nonsister chromatids exchange part of DNA; DNA breaks and rejoins, common, farther apart two genes are, the more crossovers likely |
| Chiasma | Site of crossover |
| Diploid | Has two of each chromosome (one from each parent); In G1 has 1 chromatid, S Phase DNA is replicated, and G2 has 2 chromatids |
| Chromatid | One molecule of DNA |
| Meiosis I | Homologous chromosoms separate |
| Meiosis II | Sister chromatids separate |
| Interphase | DNA in chromatin form, nuclear membrane surrounding DNA, centrosomes have replicated |
| Prophase I | Nuclear Membrane breaks down, Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes, spindle forms, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over may occur between nonsister chromosomes on homologous chromosomes |
| Metaphase I | Homologous chromosome pairs attach to spindle, homologous chromosome pairs line up in middle of the cell |
| Anaphase I | Homologous chromosome pairs separate, each chromosome goes to opposite pole , cell elongates, cytokinesis begins |
| Telophase I | Nucleus reforms, chromosomes go into chromatin, spindle disappears |
| Prophase II | Nuclear Membrane breaks down, Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes, spindle forms |
| Metaphase II | Chromosomes attach to the spindle, and line up in the middle of the cell |
| Anaphase II | Chromosomes split apart, chromosomes go to opposite ends of the poles, cell elongates, cytokinesis begins |
| Telophase II | Chromosomes go back into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, spindle disappears |
Created by:
smkenned
Popular Biology sets