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Science chapter 11
Interpreting the Fossil Record
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | gradual change;the belief that the universe and all that is in it originated by chance through natural processes over billions of years |
| cosmic evolution | chance origin of the universe as whole |
| biological evolution/organic evolution | gradual development of life on Earth,generally from simple organisms to complex ones |
| special creation | God's work of calling the universe and all that is in it into existence ex nihilo(out of nothing) and making complex living organisms out of simple components |
| concept of special creation and the concept of evolution must be | accepted by faith |
| theistic evolution | modified form of evolutionary hypothesis which attempts to reconcile the Bible and evolution |
| science cannot make | authoritative statements about the origin of the earth |
| principle of uniformity | principle that states that the natural laws in operation today have existed throughout the earth's history |
| uniformitarianism | false belief that the natural processes we see today,at the rates we see today,are solely responsible for shaping the earth's crust in the past |
| Charles Lyell | Father of Modern Geology;the idiot who popularized uniformitarianism |
| Charles Darwin | popularized the idea of evolution;published "The Origin of the Species" |
| Evolution is a concept that | attempts to free man from God and his responsibility to his Creator |
| paleontology | study of fossils |
| fossils | remains/impressions of plants,animals,and humans preserved sedimentary rock |
| petrified fossils | animals buried in water and sediments;minerals in the mud replaced or strengthened the structure of fossil preserving it |
| mold fossils | formed when mud buries a plant or animal and quickly hardens,leaving a hollow mold,or impression,in the rock organism decays |
| resin fossils | formed when leaves and other plant parts, insects,or frogs and other smaller animals are trapped in large masses of tree sap,which later harden into a rock-like substance known as amber |
| print fossil | animal tracks,outlines leaves and feathers, and imprints skin mud preserved when mud hardened into rock;can reveal design bird's feathers, structure leaves and plants,even pattern dinosaurs hide |
| whole specimen fossils | entire animal preserved nearly intact by freezing,desiccation(drying out),or entrapment in a bog or pit |
| geologic column | hypothetical time scale of earth's history based evolutionary assumptions fossil record |
| eras | four major divisions which cover several hundred million years |
| periods | smaller units of time which are from eras |
| epochs | which subdivide periods |
| four major eras | Precambrian era, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era |
| index fossil | fossil considered characteristic of specific period therefore used assign ages rock layers |
| the first problem with the geologic column is that the succession fossils | it indicates occurs nowhere in the world |
| geologic column not really a description of order of rocks and fossils in crust;rather, | it is a hypothetical arrangement of fossils and rocks according to evolutionary assumptions |
| second problem with geologic column is that it is | based on the very assumption it attempts to prove |
| radiometric dating | technique used to assign dates to rocks and fossils based on decay of radiometric elements |
| although the final amount of element in the sample is easily measured | there is no way to measure how much of the element was in the sample originally |
| it can be said that | radioactive dates are largely determined by the assumptions of the person doing the dating |
| another problem with the geologic column is that | fossils are commonly found in the "wrong" order in apparently undisturbed strata |
| anomalies | "misplaced" fossils;fossils found in "wrong" order in apparently undisturbed rock strata |
| coelacanth | unusual "living fossil",once thought to be "missing link" between fish and amphibians,but now recognized as true deep fish;several have been caught alive |
| Noah's ark is | 450 ft long,75 ft wide, and 45 ft high |
| ICE AGE | historic period widespread glaciation, probably shortly after Flood,during which glaciers spread over third earth's land area sea level about 400 ft lower than at present |
| the very existence of a fossil implies | catastrophic burial |
| polystrate fossils | fossil extending through multiple layers of rock strata |
| transitional form | hypothetical form that would show signs evolving from one kind organism into another; "missing link" |
| if evolution were true | there would be many fossils of intermediate forms |
| the fact that no transitional forms have been found is | the greatest evidence against evolution |
| Seymouria | an unusual fossil amphibian once thought to "missing link" between amphibians & reptiles but now recognized as true amphibian |
| Archeopteryx | unusual fossil bird once thought to be "missing link" between reptiles an birds,but now recognized as true bird |
| Eohippus | dog-sized fossil mammal once thought to be the ancestor of the horse |
| natural selection | idea fittest and strongest of each species are more likely to survive and reproduce than members that are weaker or less fit |
| mutations tend to be | harmful,not helpful |
| mutations tend to be | an animal less likely to survive |
| punctuated equilibrium hypothesis | idea that new organisms arise as result of drastic environmental changes,which cause species radically change just few generations |
| there are | no "missing links" in the supposed chain of human evolution |
| Dryopithicus | a fragmented fossil which evolutionists thought to be the ancestor of humans and apes, but is now considered to be ape |
| Ramapithicus | a fossil with fragmented skull parts is thought by evolutionists to be the ancestor of humans and apes but is actually 100% ape |
| Australopithecus afarensis | also known as "Lucy";thought by evolutionists to be the first "links" in the chain of supposed human descent and is thought to walk upright but now agreed be extinct chimpanzee |
| Australopithecus africanus | "Taung child";thought by evolutionists to be ancestral to human but is now realized 100% ape after human skulls are found near it |
| Australopithecus anamensis | thought by evolutionists to be ancestral to humans but is discovered to be more chimpanzee-like and now passed as extinct ape |
| Homo habilis | thought by evolutionists to be an mixture between man and ape but is discovered to be smaller than "Lucy" and is 100% ape |
| Homo erectus | "Java man":"Peking man";thought by evolutionists to be ape-man but are now shown to be 100% human |
| Neanderthal man | thought by evolutionists to be humans with ape-like origins,but scientists discovered it was rickets while more bones were found,so Neanderthal man is 100% human.Neanderthal man also has larger brains |
| Cro-Magnon man | thought by evolutionists to be man's most recent ancestor but is now realized as 100% man;like the Neanderthal man,Cro-Magnon man had larger brains |
| The creation vs evolution debate is not all about | what science says,but about what man believes |
| evolution fails as a hypothesis because of | lack of transitional forms |
| MAN HAS | ALWAYS BEEN MAN |
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