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Ethno+Exam_3
plants and active ingredients
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marijuana | Cannabis sativa of the Cannabaceae family |
| active ingredients in marijuana | tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) |
| tetrahydrocannabinol | binds to cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in nervous system and competes with endogenous cannabinoids for receptor binding domain and |
| effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on the body | activates CB1 on presynaptic axons, which directly inhibits adenylyl cyclase; decreased calcium entry into the cell, opens potassium channels that suppress neurotransmitter release and results in slowed cognitive function |
| cannabidiol (CBD) | not psychoactive; binds to cannabinoids like THC and prevents its association with CB1 |
| effects of cannabidiol on the body | reduces the effects of THC; antagonizes serotonin receptor that leads to increased serotonin levels in the brain leading to improved mood and happiness |
| more effects of DBD | reduces activity of the limbic system, which alters emotion, behavior and memory |
| Mandrake | Mandragor officinarum of the Solanaceae |
| Henbane | Hyoscyamus niger of the Solanaceae |
| active ingredients in mandrake and henbane | atropine, scopolamine, and hyosycamine |
| what receptor do the active ingredients in mandrake and henbane affect? | acetylcholine receptor |
| how do atropine, scopolamine and hyosycamine affect the body | alkaloids are parasympathetic and competitively inhibit the neurotransmitter acetylcholine causing peripheral effect son the autonomic nervous system and sedative effects on the CNS and has a similar effect of the REM cycle |
| side effects of mandrake and henbane use | cause a decrease in weat, salivary, gstric, and bronchial secretions, decreases the tone and motility of smooth muscle in the digestive and urinary tracts, increases the pulse rate, and causes dry mouth, blurred vision and pupil dilation |
| Peyote | Lophophora williamsii of the Cactaceae |
| active ingredients in Peyote | mescaline |
| mescaline | a hallucinogen that affects the nerves int he brain and spinal cord by over stimulating the serotonin system |
| effects of peyote use (short term) | causes extreme highs and lows in hunger, moods, and sexual behavior; vomiting shortly after ingestion; increased body temperature and heart rate; profuse sweating |
| long term effects of peyote use | not scientifically understood, but some peyote abusers report flashbacks |
| additional information on peyote | non addictive narcotive and one report of fetal abnormalities |
| uses of peyote | Native American church uses it in a ceremony to embark on a spirtual journey |
| other uses of peyote | Native Mexican tribes use it as a panaceae to many illnesses such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, intestinal ills, diabetes, rheumatic pains, common colds, and veneral diseases |
| Fly Agaric | Amanita muscaria of the Amanitaceae |
| active ingredients in the fly agaric | Ibotenic acid, muscimol, and muscazone |
| Ibotenic acid | activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and trans-ACPD (fly agaric) |
| Ibotenic acid effects on the body | individual appears intoxicate, and will become agitated, have seizures, respiratory depression, visual distortions/hallucinations, loss of equilibrium, muscle twitching, and altered sensory perception and may eventually die! (fly agaric) |
| Muscimol | agonist for the GABA receptor (fly agaric) |
| effects of muscimol | causes hallucinations (fly agaric) |
| muscazone | binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors |
| effects of muscazone | blurred vision, increased salivation, escessive sweating, bronchioconstriction, bradycardia, abdominal cramping, increase digestive acid secretion, diarrhea, and polyuria, tremors, convulsions, hypothermia, headaches, nausea, and vomiting |
| Virola thiodora (most common), V. calaphylla, V. elongata, V. rufula, V. elongata | members of the Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family) |
| active ingredients in Virola | 5-MetO-DMT,DMT, Bufotenine |
| effects of Virola | visionary and auditory changes, a distorted perception of time, numbness of the limbs and inability to coordinate muscles |
| 5-MetO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) (Virola) | most abundant in the bark and has high affinity on the serotonin 5HT (1a) receptor |
| 5-MetO-DMT (Virola) | deactivated by monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) |
| Bufotenine (Virola) | acts on 5HT (2a) receptor |
| Cocaine | comes from the plants of the Eyrthroxylaceae |
| Erythroxylum coca vars. ipadua and coca and E. novogranatense vars. novogranatense and truxillense | types of coca plants that are harvested for their leaves that contain the alkaloid cocaine |
| active ingredient in the coca plant | cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) |
| cocaine | CNS stimulant that affects dopamine re-uptake in the synaptic cleft of the brain |
| other areas of the brain that cocaine affects | ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex |
| short term effects of cocaine use | stimulation, sense of euphoria, increase in energy, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, higher body temperature, constriction of blood vessels, & dilated pupils |
| long term psychological effects of cocaine use | depression, anxiety, apathy, laziness, paranoia, memory problems, panic attacks, and anorexia |
| long term physical effects | chronic fatigue, sleep problems, hyperactivity, tremors, chronic cough and sore throat, nasal sores and bleeding, nausea and vomiting, and tonic-clonic seizures |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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