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Ethno+Exam_2
plants and active ingredients
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active ingredients in Psilocybin Mushrooms | psilocin and psilocybin |
| psilocin (mushrooms) | generated from the metabolism of psilocybin in the liver (and is similar in structure to serotonin) |
| effects of psilocin and psilocybin (mushrooms) | effects the 5HT1a,2a and 2c receptors (serotonin) - increases serotonin by preventing reuptake, which in turn increases dopamine |
| physiological effects of psilocybin mushrooms | CNS stimulant - increased heart rate, pupil dilation, euphoria, visual and auditory hallucinations, time dilation, altered perception of reality, increased body temperature, nausea and anxiety |
| how psilocin and psilocybin are absorbed (mushrooms) | through the mucous membranes and stomach lining |
| psilocybin mushrooms | not dangerous (cannot overdose) and tolerance builds up in the body quickly to the active ingredients |
| 12 generas of Psilocybin Mushrooms | 3 are Conocybe, Psilocybe, and Panaeulos |
| Salvia divinorum | Aka diviner's sage (part of the Lamiaceaea or Mint family) |
| active ingredients in salvia | salvinorin A, which is a diterpene, are a type of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, and loliolide |
| effects of salvia consumption | perceptions of bright lights, vivid colors, and shapes; bodily distortions; sense of loss of body; depression; overlapping realities, in-coordination; dizziness; slurred speech |
| how salvinorin A acts | agonist of KOR (Kappa opiod receptor) |
| where are active ingredients not in salvia | the leaves |
| Salvinorin A | only known non-nitogenous psychoactive plant constituent (salvia) |
| Salvinorin A again | first naturally occuring K opiod selective ligand and inhibts forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in KOR-393 cells, an agonist at gpKOR, and potentially inhibits 3H-bremazocine binging to KORs |
| duration of salvia's effects | 16 minutes |
| Yopo aka Cohoba | snuff derived from Anadenantherea peregrina (seeds) |
| active ingredients in Yopo | N,N dimethyltryptamine (DMT), bufotenin, 5-Meo-DMT |
| tryptamine derivative | derives psychoactivity, primarily through neurotransmitter |
| effects of DMT (most prominent in Yopo) | causes multi-dimensional visions, heavy flowing of mucous, headaches, out-and-near-out-of-body experiences, facilitates powerful changes of awareness, perceptions and contition |
| other effects of DMT | influences trace amine pathway which influence emotion |
| B-carbonline (analogue of tryptamine) - MAO-A suppressor | allows DMT to persist for longer periods of time |
| Yopo | may also be hallucinogenic |
| Pacific Yew | Taxus brevifolia of the Taxaceae |
| active ingredient in the Pacific Yew | paclitaxel |
| paclitaxel | alkaloid, taxane, and found in highest concentrations in the bark |
| how paclitaxel works | stabilizes microtubules and prevents their disassembly, promotes the formaiton of abnormal bundles of microtubules throughout the cell cycle, and effects inhibit mitosis and usually result in apoptosis |
| Taxol | cancer drug, IV, prevents division of cancer cells |
| other uses of taxol | treats coronary restenosis by inhibiting scar tissue in arteries and prevents replication of trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan S. Amer, Chagos Disease) |
| Deadly nightshade | Atropa belladona |
| active ingredients in deadly nightshade | scopolamine and atropine |
| scopolamine | type of alkaloid that leaves the system in 4+ hours |
| atropine | derivative of hysocyamine, an alkaloid, that leaves the blood system in 2+ hours, effects on iris and ciliary muscles persist up to 72 hours |
| how active ingredients in deadly nightshade work | bind to the muscarinic acytylcholin receptors and block parasympathetic nerves |
| how active ingredients enter blood stream (A. belladona) | through digestive trap |
| where are the active ingredients in deadly nightshade | all parts of the plant |
| effects of deadly nightshade (low doses) | both ingredients act as a depressant and sedative |
| effects of deadly nightshade (high doses > 3mg) | euphoria, confusion, insomnia, pupil dilation, dry mucosa, pyrexia, fever, redness of the face, tachycardia, convulsions, CNS depressions, bizarre mental state, rambling, excitement, rapid heartbeat & eventually coma and death after many hrs w/o treatment |
| Datura stramonium, D. ceratocaula, D. inoxia, and D. metel | members of the Solanaceae (potato family) |
| active ingredients in Datura | atropine, hyoscine and hyoscyamine (hyoscine and hyoscyamine are the main alkaloids with small amounts of atropine) |
| how hyoscyamine and hyoscine work | bind to acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscle, secretory glands and CNS (Datura) |
| negative effects of hyoscyamine and hyoscine (high doses) | dry out the mucous membranes, which can cause th emouth and eyes to dry; block secretory glands, many sweat glands will be blocked and impair the natural ability for the body to disperse heat |
| other effects of Datura | cause hallucinations, delirium, anxiety, numbness, and a loss of sense of time |
| cause of delirium by Datura use | CNS receptors are blocked |
| Datura poisoning | causes paralysis of parasympathetic innervated organs |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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