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Final Exam+Ethno
plants and active ingredients
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active ingredients in Ergot | agroclavine, elymoclavine, ergonovine, methysergide, and ergotamine |
| 3 groups of alkaloids in Ergot | Clavine alkaloids, water-soluble lysergic acid alkaloids, and peptide alkaloids |
| Argoclavine | powerful uterine stimulant (Ergot) |
| Elymoclavine | prolactin release inhibitor (Ergot) |
| Clavine alkaloids of Ergot | agroclavine and elymoclavine |
| water-soluble lysergic acid alkaloids in Ergot | ergonovine and methysergide |
| ergonovine | produces vasoconstriction and oxytocic effect to the body (Ergot) |
| methysergide | structure similar to serotonin, it is a prophylactic for migraines, and it acts on 5HT2b and 5HT2c receptors (Ergot) |
| peptide alkaloid in Ergot | Ergotamine |
| Ergotamine | acts on dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, and reduces blood flow around the brain |
| Banteropsis caapi | also known as Ayahuasca "vine of the soul," "spirit vine" or "ladder to the Milky Way" |
| active ingredients in Ayahuasca | Harmine, tetradhydroharmine |
| harmine and tetradhydroharmine | short acting monoamine (MAO) inhibiTORS (Ayahuasca) |
| effects of harmine and tetradhydroharmine | prevent breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain (Ayahuasca) |
| active ingredient in Psycotria viridis | Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) |
| effects of Dimethyltryptamine | hallucinogen (when taken orally) and alone it is metablized to take effects quickly, but with an MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) the immediate metabolism is delayed (P. viridis) |
| Psycotria virids | Chacruna "to mix" |
| Iboga | Tabernathe iboga |
| Family of iboga | Apocyanaceae |
| agonist | a chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell |
| active ingredient in iboga | ibogaine |
| ibogaine | alkaloid that is abundant in the roots, especially root bark, of iboga and is responsible for most of the effects on the body |
| effects of ibogaine | agonist for 5-HT2a receptor (serotonin) which causes hallucinations (iboga) |
| characteristic of ibogaine | it has dissociative properties which make it unique, through antagonism of the NMDA receptor and agonist for the k-opiod receptor (like salvinorin A) (Iboga) |
| dissociate drugs | hallucinogenic, often trance-like states (Iboga) |
| NMDA antagonists | anaethetic (iboga) |
| K-opioid receptor agonists | analgesic (iboga) |
| effects of iboga use | CNS stimulant (similar to that of caffeine), hypotension due to decreased cardiac output, nausea vomiting, severe anxiety, hallucinations 2-4 stages, and overdose which can result in convulsions, paralysis, aressted respiration leading to death |
| traditional uses of iboga | used in Buiti religion of Gabon in coming-of-age ceremony for young men |
| potential uses of iboga | may be used as a treatment for addiction ot meth, cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol |
| why iboga may be useful for other drug addictions | reverses cellular neuroadaptations of long-term drug users |
| Morning Glory | Ipomoeae violacea and Ipomoea tricolor |
| family of the morning glory | convolvulaceae |
| active ingredients of the morning glory | ergine (d-lysergic acid amide) (LSA is 1/20 as potent as LSD) |
| effects of ergine | precursor to LSD, schedule III controlled substanced |
| number of seeds to feel the effects of morning glory | 25-50 seeds |
| number of seeds used in the recreational use of morning glory | 100-400 seeds |
| duration of the effects of morning glory | (if ingested) the seeds take an hour to enter your system, and the effects last between 8-12 hours |
| length of time it takes for morning glory to exit your system | 24 hours |
| concentration of ergine (LSA) in the seeds of morning glory | .05-1.3% |
| LSA (morning glory) is similar in structure to what | serotonin |
| effects of LSA on serotonin receptors | blocks most serotonin receptors but effect comes from 5HT2a receptors (morning glory) |
| physical effects of LSA (morning glory | heighten whatever is happening - heightened sense of color, sound, and textue ("hear colors" "feel sounds"), time slowed, and massive mood swings |
| Opium Poppy | Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae - Poppy Family) |
| location of psychoactive material in the opium poppy | latex, fruit capsules, leaves, seeds, and roots |
| active ingredients in opium poppies | morphine and codeine |
| effects of morhpine and codeine biologically | act on opiate receptors delta, mu and kappa that are found in brain, spinal cord and intestinal tract (normally for endorphins) |
| number of alkaloids that poppies contain | about 30 |
| effects of morphine and codeine (poppies) | depressant, sedative, hypnotic, narcotic, analgesis (pain relief), slows peristalsis, and suppresses cough relex |
| morphine | 5x more potent than codeine |
| effects of poppy consumption | manifest rapidly and last 6-8 hours |
| morphine (content) | higher than that of codeine (by weight) |
| active ingredients in St. John's Wort | Napthrodianthrones - hypericin and pseudohypericin AND phloroglucinol - derivative of hyperforin |
| effects of active ingredients of St. John's Wort on the body | mechanism is believed to inhibit serotonin (5-HT) reuptake, much like the conventional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants |
| St. John's Wort medicinal use | treats mild or moderate depression as it raises levels of serotonin (mood-enhancing neurotransmitter) - not shown to be effective in treating major depression |
| St. John's Wort's effect on prescription medicine | shown to decrease the effectiveness of prescription medications |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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