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Biology Final Rvw
Biology Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atoms -> molecules-> ______ -> tissues -> ______ -> organ systems -> ______ | Cells Organs Organisms |
| Living things use_____ to store______. | DNA Information |
| 3 Domains | Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| Live in extreme environments | Archea |
| Unicellular and prokaryotes (no nucleus) | Bacteria & Archea |
| Eukarya Kingdoms | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista |
| Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species | Order of Classification |
| Organisms -> _______ -> Community -> ________ | Populcation, Ecosystem |
| Easier to find food, good for protection, reproductive purposes | clumped |
| Uniform | Territorial; dont want to have to compete for territory; limited resources |
| Resources are limited | Random |
| Population size is determine by the _____, ______, and ______ of a population. | births, deaths, and migartion |
| density dependent | biotic (food supply or disease) |
| density independent | Abiotic (natural disaster) |
| fastest possible growth rate | biotic potential |
| Carrying capacity | The maximum a population can grow |
| a factor that counteracts with the biotic potential and limits population size. | environmental resitance |
| 3 survivorships | type I, type II, and type III |
| type I | most of population live to old age;indivuals in population live full age |
| type II | Constant death rate |
| type III | most individuals die early in life |
| Interspecific | 2 population |
| Intraspecific | within a population |
| Types of interaction | competition, predation, commensalism, and mutualism |
| Competitive competition | of two population living in the same niche, one doesnt survive |
| Population finds other resources | Resource partitioning |
| Memicry | When an organism mimics another to procet itself |
| 2 types of memicry | batesian and mullerian |
| Batesian | mimics the coloration not the defenses ex. snakes |
| Mullerian | mimics the coloration and the defenses |
| Chemical defenses | some animals and insects secrete chemicals and toxins |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit |
| symbiosis | a close relationship between 2 species; one species always benefits |
| keystone species | a tiny population that plays a major role in the community |
| succession | the gradual change in communities over time |
| primary sucession | starts from nothing ex. on a rock |
| secondary sucession | a community was there before but was wiped out and had to restart ex. after a forest fire |
| pioneer species | first species in succession (both primary and secondary) |
| primary sucession | takes thousands of years to have larger organisms |
| secondary sucession | takes a shorter time to have a huge ecosystem |
| The ____ provides all of the energy for ecosystems | sun |
| Plants perform _______ to convert ______ from the sun into chemical energy or ______. | photosynthesis, energy , food |
| What percent sunlight reaches the earth? | 1% |
| ______ is replinished; ______ are not. | Sunlight nutrients |
| macronutrients | required by organisms in large quantities ex. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosorous |
| mirconutrients | required by organisms in smaller quanties ex. zinc, iron, and iodine |
| resevoir | a place where nutrients are stored |
| Carbon is released into the atmosphere by ______. | Respiration |
| The main part of our atmosphere | Nitrogen |
| Phosphorous | found in rock; never in the atmosphere |
| All of the following are required during photosynthesis except | oxygen |
| when a muscle cell requires energy to contract which of the following occurs? | ATP is broken down |
| The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is | oxygen |
| which factor would have little influence on the rate of photosynthesis? | the amount of 02 |
| During which step of glycolysis and cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced | Acetyl CoA and Krebs cycle |
| _______ does/ does not require oxygen. | Glycolysis/ fermentation |
| Algal blooms | caused by too much nitrogen/ phosphorous that runs into the water |
| eutrophication | loss of 02 below the algae |
| transpiration | evaporation from plants |
| Nitrogen + sulfur -> ______ | acid rain |
| monoculture | one crop that everyone relies on |
| pollution | humans interfering with the environment |
| biodiversity | the number od species in an ecosystem |
| which of the following is/ are characteristics of living organisms? | Organized structure, responsive to stimili, and ability to grow |
| the concept that 2 species cannot occupy the same niche | competitive exclusion |
| The amount of energy lost as it passes from one trophic level to another | 90% |
| _________ is capable of capturing and converting atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrate. | an electrical storm |
| All of the different interacting species within an area compose a ______. | community |
| If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together that they would if they lived alone, they are said to be? | partitioning resources |
| Acid parcipitation is the result of interference with which biochemical cycles? | sulfur and nitrogen |
| Which of the following is NOT likely to characterize a pioneer plant species involved in primary succession? | slow growing and long lived |
| Which best illustrates the movement of energy through an ecosystem? | a food web |
| Which of the follwoing is the most imminent and servere threat to biodiversity? | habitat destruction |
| Sequence od classification in order | Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom |
| What is the chemical formula for gluclose? | C6 H12 06 |
| elements | substances that cannot be broken down or converted into another substance |
| Atom | the basic unit of matter made up of atomic particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons |
| 1st Shell | fits 2 electrons |
| 2nd Shell & up | fits 8 electrons |
| chemical bonding | occurs when the last shell needs to be filled |
| Valence electrons | electrons in the outside shell |
| ______ are a form of energy. | electrons |
| Electrons in the inside shells have the _____ energy. | lowest |
| Electrons in the outside shells have the _____ enegy. | highest |
| Ionic bonds | give/ take electrons |
| A negative ion is an _____. | Anion |
| A positive ion is a ______. | cation |
| Covalent bonds | Share electrons |
| When walking in a tropical forest you come upon a 6 meter tall plant that shows no evidence of seed production. In which of these groups does the plant most likely belong? | Ferns |
| If you were hiking and wanted to show off your understanding of the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms, what characteristics could you describe that woukld help you to impress your friends? | flowers and cones |
| _____ Cells are responsible for regulating the amount od CO2 that enters a leaf. | Guard |
| Mesophyll cells are located in the_____. | leaves |
| If you are looking at a large tree, then you are looking at the? | sporophyte |
| How many sperm are released from each pollen grain as a result of pollination? | 2 |
| In flowering plants, the haploid female gametophyte is the? | embryo sac |
| The male gametophyte of angiosperms? | pollen grain |
| Grass flowers lack petals and sepals. Which of the following is true? | The flowers are incomplete flowers |
| In an "alteration of generations" life cycle, what alternates? | sporophytes and gametophytes |
| if a beaver eats the outer bark all the way to the trunk, why does the tree eventually die? | the transport od sugars to the roots is interupted |
| Which of the following maintains dormancy in a seed? | abscisic acid |
| Bananas ina bag ripen faster than those on the countertop beacuse _____ trapped in the bag promotes ripening. | ethylene |
| water loss through the stomata of leaves is called? | transpiration |
| Route of a mineral aborbed by a plant | Root hairs -> Cortex -> endodermis -> xylem |
| In vascular plants, sugars are transported through the stem via? | sieve- tube elements |
| A _____ is produced by meosis and will eventually give rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed | megaspore |
| Meristem regions of plants have cells that? | divide by mitosis |
| plants exibiting primary growth, NOT secondary growth, would lack? | lateral meristem cells |
| to increase in length, a plant must grow? | from apical meristems |
| The stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem is a _____. | petiole |
| Which of these associations is false? | ground tissue - tracheid |
| Single bond | share 1 electron |
| double bond | share 2 electrons |
| hydrogen bonding | Occurs when a partial positive ans a partial negative attract. |
| _______ ________ in water make water an excellent _______. | Hydrogen bonding solvent |
| Hydrogen bonds in water manke it ______ and ______. | cohesive adhesive |
| Hydrogen bonds give water the ability to form ___. | ions |
| ______ ions form acidic bases. | hydrogen |
| Hydroxyl ions form ______. | bases |
| A neutral solution is when the ____ bonds equal the ___ bonds. | OH (hydroxyl) H (hydrogen) |
| OH > H | basic solution |
| H > OH | acidic solution |
| Organic molecules | molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen |
| 4 types of bio chemicals | Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid |
| Dehydration | water is taken out; condensation |
| Hydrolysis | water is added |
| ____ is the backbone of life and has ___ valence electrons. | Carbon 4 |
| Carbohydrates | always have a C6 H12 O6 formula and follow a 2:1 ratio |
| monosaccharides | monomers of carbohydrates ex. gluclose and fructose |
| disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides or carbohydrates bonded together ex. surose and lactose |
| Monosaccharide -> Disaccharide | dehydration |
| Disaccharide -> Monosaccharide | Hydrolysis |
| polysaccharides | multiple monosaccharides and carbohydrates bonded together |
| lipids | hydrophobic; oils, fats, and waxes; fats and oils are formed by dehydration synthesis and form 3 fatty subunit molecules of glycerol. |
| Fats | triglycerides |
| Saturated fatty acids | have no double bonds; every carbon with a hydrogen |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | acids are liquid at room temperature; have double bonds |
| Glycerol joins fatty acids by _______. | dehydration |
| _____ are the main components of membranes. | Phospholipids |
| Phospholipids have a _______ head with a ______ body. | hydrophilic hydrophobic |
| Steroids are _____. | lipids |
| Steroids include | Testosterone, estrogen, and cholesterol |
| proteins are made up of monomers of ____ ____. | amino acids |
| ______ is used to make proteins out of ____ ____. | Dehydration amino acids |
| monomer | amino acid |
| polymer | peptide or protein |
| Peptides are also ____. | proteins |
| Primary structure | a peptide (string fromation) |
| Secondary structure | Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| Secondary structures are held together by ____ ____. | hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary structure | bonds between K groups |
| When a protein unfolds, it can become _____. | denatured |
| Nucleic acids | inheritence of genes and making proteins |
| DNA | deoxiribonucleic acid |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| DNA and RNA have a backbone of ______ ______. | phosphate sugar |
| Bases that make up DNA: | Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine |
| Adenine -> ? | Thtmine |
| Guanine -> ? | Cytosine |
| RNA is usually a _____ strand. | single |
| _____ make up ATP. | nucleotides |
| Peptide bonds are _____. | energy |
| Every type of cell has a ___ ______. | cell membrane |
| Receptor protein | Specific shape for a ligand bind |
| recognition protein | have sugars attached to the protein (glycoprotein) |
| Transport protein | help molecules get through the membrane |
| Diffusion | movement of a solute from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffussion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Diffusion does not require _____, but it does require a _____. | energy gradient |
| Isotonic movement | the concentration inside the cell is the same outside the cell |
| Hypertonic movement | The concentration outside of the cell is greater than that of the cell; causes the cell to shrivel. |
| Hypotonic movement | a solution has a lower concentration than the cell; cause the cell to burst |
| Channel protein | transport ions |
| Ions are _____. | hydrophillic |
| Carrier protein | transports proteins and amino acids |
| Active Transport | movement of molecules across the membrane aganist the gradient; proteins act as pumps |
| penocytosis | cell drinking; water moves into the cell |
| phagocytosis | cell eating; takes in bigger paticles |
| Endocytosis | materials are transported into the cell |
| exocytosis | materials are transported out of the cell |
| Cytoplasam is a liquid inside a cell that is made up of? | Water, SaH and biomolecules |
| Eukaryotes have a _____. | nucleus |
| Prokaryotes ____ have a nucleus. | donot |
| The ultimate source of a cell's energy is the ___. | sun |
| in eukaryotes DNA is wound around _____. | histones |
| Auxins | promote elongation |
| Gibberellins | promote germination of seeds |
| Cytokinins | promotes sprouting |
| Ethylene | Promotes ripening of fruit andfalling off of fruits, flowers and leaves (a gas) |
| Abscisic acid | maintains dormancy in seed and buds |
| calcium | for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting and nerve impulse transmission |
| Phosphorous | bone and tooth formation and acidic- base balance |
| A plant cell adapted for waste storage and disposal would probably contain large number of? | vacules |
| Solutions that cause water to enter cells by osmosis are called? | hypotonic |
| Which of the following cell structures would be found in an animal cell, but not in a bacterial cell? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells does not contain? | a nucleoid |
| What primarily determines the shape of cells that lack cell walls? | cytoskeleton |
| What type of chemical reaction does the figure show? | dehydration |
| Which of the following provides long-term energy storage in plants? | starch |
| The smooth endoplasmic reticulum | synthesis lipids |
| When you add sugar to your coffee the sugar is the? | solute |
| Isotopes of a given element have? | the same number of protons but differ in atomic mass |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created nor destroyed; but it can change its form. |
| 2nd Law of thermodynamics | when energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of usefulness decreases |
| entropy | reduction in order; increase in randomness |
| Chemical reaction | the conversion of one set of chemical substances (reactants) into another (products) |
| exergonic reaction | the products have lessenergy than the reactactants; energy is released |
| endergonic reaction | requires energy input from an outside source; the source products contain more energy than the reactants |
| activation energy | all reaction require it; the initial input to a chemical reaction |
| When molecules colide they create ______ ______. | activation energy |
| _____ reduce activation energy. | enzymes |
| Energy transfer is done by energy _____ molecules. | carrier |
| Main energy carrier | ATP |
| when energy changes form, it becomes _____ useful due to ____ loss. | less heat |
| catabolism | breaking down molecules |
| anabolism | synthesizing molecules |
| Active syte | where the substrate binds |
| Allosteric regulation | changes the shape of an enzyme so that the substrate cannot bind |
| competitive regulation | regulator binds to the active site |
| exergonic reactions | release energy |
| endergonic reactions | require energy |
| Naked seeds | gymnoperms |
| coated seeds | angiosperms |
| have a circle root cross section | monocots |
| have a star root cross section | dicots |
| have taproots | dicots |
| have fibrous roots | monocots |
| apical meristems | located at the tip of the shoot and roots |
| lateral meristem | secondary growth; helps to grow plant wider |
| dermal tissue | covers the outside of the plant |
| trichome | reduces water loss and provide protection to the plant |
| 3 types of ground tissue | parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma |
| parenchyma | for storage and photosynthesis; have thi wall cells |
| Collenchyma | have thicker wall celstructual and flexible |
| sclerenchyma | thick cell walls |
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alizay_011
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