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AnatFinal Study Key3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| connective tissue covering a fascicle | perimysium |
| runs the entire length of the thick filament | A band |
| type of contraction that lengthens a muscle | eccentric |
| _ muscle pain | myalgia |
| any rigid bar free to turn about a fixed point | lever |
| _ fulcrum lies between the pull and the load; seesaw-like | 1st class lever |
| chewing | mastication |
| white line in the midline of the abdominal muscles | linea alba |
| makes up 55% of whole blood | plasma |
| contains granules that stain orange and nucleus has two lobes | eosinophil |
| formation of platelets | thrombopoiesis |
| blood clotting | coagulation |
| valve between the right ventricle and aorta | aortic |
| represents depolarization of the atria | P wave |
| slow heart rhythm | bradycardia |
| high blood pressure | hypertension |
| causes blood to pass through two consecutive capillary beds rather than one | portal system |
| vasodilator | nitric oxide |
| _alternate expansion and recoil of an artery | pulse |
| stroke | erythropoiesis |
| The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a | tendon. |
| The action potential is conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by | transverse tubules. |
| Active sites on the actin become available for binding after calcium binds to | troponin. |
| Calcium ion is not released from the | transverse tubule. |
| Perpendicular is not one of the forms of | fascicle organization found in muscles. |
| Muscles located entirely within the part it moves are called | intrinsic. |
| The most common lever systems in the body are | those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called third-class levers. |
| Tendon attachment that moves most aptly describes | "muscle insertion". |
| A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is | fibrinogen |
| Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called agglutinogens and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called | agglutinins. |
| Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called | megakaryocytes. |
| A moving blood clot is called | an embolus. |
| The coronary arteries deliver blood to the | myocardium. |
| An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to both | decrease heart rate and decrease pressure. |
| The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called | the stroke volume. |
| The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow | in one direction only. |
| Capillaries that have a complete lining are called | continuous capillaries. |
| After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters | the venules. |
| Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only | in capillaries. |
| Blood moves forward through veins because of | muscular compression, valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood, the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries, and the respiratory pump. |
| What are the THREE general functions of skeletal muscle? | Movement, heat production, posture. |
| What are the THREE proteins that make up the thin filaments in muscle cells? | Actin, troponin, tropomyosin. |
| What protein makes up the thick filament in muscle cells? | myosin |
| What are the FOUR different types of muscle contractions? | Twitch, treppe, complete tetanus, incomplete tetanus. |
| Define myopathy. | Muscle disorder that disrupts normal movement |
| Define origin and insertion | origin: point of attachment that does not move. insertion: point of attachment that moves |
| What are the FOUR different muscle actions? | Prime mover (agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator |
| List the TWO divisions of the muscular system and what each controls. | Axial: position head and spinal column; moves rib cage. appendicular: support pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs |
| Define tonicity in regards to muscles. | Tension; continuous, low level of sustained contraction. |
| List ONE effect of poor posture. | Muscles work harder and fatique easier; strains ligaments and bones; interferes with other functions (respiration, digestion) |
| Describe the structure of hemoglobin. | 4 globin molecules with a heme group (that contains iron) in the center of each. |
| What formed element is shaped like a biconcave disk and has no nucleus or organelles? | RBCs |
| What occurs when a person with type A blood is given type O blood from a donor? | Nothing; transfusion is successful. |
| What occurs when a person with type B blood is given type AB blood from a donor? | Transfusion reaction |
| What occurs when a person with type AB blood is given type B blood from a donor? | Nothing; transfusion is successful |
| What are the TWO ways in which a person can develop Rh antibodies? | Rh- mother carries Rh+ baby. Rh- person transfused with Rh+ blood |
| What is ONE condition that opposes clotting? | Smooth endothelium, antithrombins, heparin, coumarin compounds |
| What is ONE condition that hastens clotting? | Rough spot in endothelium, slow blood flow |
| Define fibrinolysis. | Clot dissolution |
| What are the FOUR structures that make up the conduction system of the heart? | Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle (bundle of His), subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers) |
| What causes the two heart sounds? | 1st: contraction of the ventricles, 2nd: vibrations of SL valves closing |
| List the TWO factors that influence arterial volume and pressure. | Cardiac output (CO), peripheral resistance |
| How is cardiac output calculated? | Stroke volume x heart rate |
| What are the THREE different types of arteries? | Elastic arteries, muscular arteries,arterioles. |
| What are the THREE structural layers of blood vessels? | Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima. |
| Define peripheral resistance. | Resistance to blood flow by the force of friction between blood and the walls of its vessels. |
| Describe how the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism affects blood volume | .ADH increases the amount of water the kidneys resorb from urine before it is excreted so blood volume increases. |
| What is “normal” healthy blood pressure? | 120/80 |
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organismalbiology
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