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UOP Microbiology
Lecture 23: Protozoans
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Radiolarians | protozoa, found on the bottom of the ocean as "gunk" | |
| Foramniferans | shells of calcium carbonate that can be found on the White Cliffs of Dover | |
| Protozoans | "first animals;" unicellular, eukaryotic, very primitive, found in moist habitats, most don't have cell walls, most are heterotrophic and DO NOT have chlorophyll; more complex than bacteria | |
| ectoplasm and endoplasm | outer and inner zones of the cytoplasm | |
| pellicle | rigid structure of the protein | |
| contractile vacuoles | organelles which expel and uptake water in freshwater protozoa | |
| food vacuole | for ingesting food particles | |
| macronuclei | copies of genome control metabolism | |
| micronuclei | recombination/ regeneration of macronuclei | |
| trophozoite | feeding form of protozoa; growing | |
| cyst | dormant form; protozoan will form thick case around itself during times of environmental stress; very resistant | |
| Parabasalid | Trichionympha found in termites' guts | |
| Diplomonad | Giardia, two nuclei | |
| Kinetoplastids | single, posterior flagellum, single mitochdrian (contains mass of DNA called kinetoplasts) | Ex) Trypanosomona, Leishmania |
| Amoebozoans | movement achieved by pseudopodia - engulf food through process of phagocytosis | |
| Amoeba castellani | pathogenic amoebozoan that causes corneal infections in those that wear contact lens | will grow in tap water and can cause blindness if serious |
| Ciliates | have cilia longitudinal or spiral rows, primitive gullet and mouth | |
| Kappa factor | encode toxins, kill kappa-less ciliates | |
| Trichocysts | discharge filaments to trap prey "fishing" in ciliates | |
| Apicomplexans | no motion in adult form; one end of cell (apical tip)contains complex organelles for penetrating host cells; include many parasitic protozoa | |
| Amoebiasis | Entaboeba histolytica | Symtpoms include pain, bloody stools, and not much diarrhea |
| Transmission of Amoebiasis | by contaminated food and water | |
| Pathogenicity of Amoebiasis | passes through stomach as cysts and emerge as trophozoites; proteases cause lesions/ ulcers in intestine which may spread to other organs through blood --> cause fatal abscesses | |
| Prevention of Amoebiasis | Boil water for at least 30', good personal hygiene, don't use human poop as fertilizer | |
| Metronidaole (Flagyl) | antiprotozol drug that treats trichomoniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis; causes breakage of DNA strands | can get black hairy tongue |
| Giardiasis | Giardia intestinalis; flagellate with 4 pairs of flagella and 2 nuclei; transmitted by water contamination with feces (beavers and day care workers) | can survive in cold water, not killed by chlorine |
| Pathogenicity of Giardiasis | cysts pass through stomach and trophozoites emerge in intestines; suckers stick to intestinal lining and cover surface of intestine without invading | |
| Symptoms of Giardiasis | extensive diarrhea, cramps, flatulence, nausea (~1 month) | Treament with Metronidazole; Diagnosis with enterotest capsule |
| African Sleeping Sickness | Trypanosoma brucei; tsetse fly; invades CNS leading to coma | |
| Pathogenicity of African Sleeping Sickness | trypanosome evade the human immune system by constantly changing surface membrane proteins | |
| Chagas Disease | Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomid bug; invades heart | Diagnose with xerodiagnosis (get uninfected triatomid bug) |
| Leishmaniasis | Leishmania (21 different species); Vector is Phlebotomus | Can be prevented by controlling sandfly population by clearing garbage, rodents, and insecticides |
| Treatment of Leishmaniasis | sodium stibogluconate which contains heavy metal antimony (enzymes become inactive and breaks Hydrogen bonds) | |
| Visceral Leishmaniasis | "black fever" "kala azar" | infects macrophges and multiplies intracellularly; can possibly lead to consumption (95% fatal if untreated) |
| Cutaneous Leishmaniasis | "Rose of Jericho" "Oriental Sore" "Bhagdad Boils"; disfiguring skin lesions, but not fatal; parasite has ability to evade immune system | A transposon called a "mariner" moves around and chagnes parasite's genetic character |
| Genetic traits that increase resistance to Malaria | sickle cell disease, Hemoglobin C, lack of Duffy Ag, and a genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase | |
| Duffy Ag | needed by plasmodium to attach RBC | |
| Hemoglobin C | resistant to plasmodium | |
| glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase | needed by plasmodium to make DNA | |
| Virulence factors of Malaria | Reproductive cycle occurs within RBC, hiding parasite from immune surveillance; malaria secretome inects toxin into host | Adhesins allow RBC to adhere to certain tissues; Changes in body chemistry attracts mosquitoes |
| Treatment of Malaria | quinine, chloroquine | |
| Causative Agents of Malaria | Plasmodium malariae, vivax, orale, falciparum (most lethal) | |
| Pathogenicity of Malaria | mosquito bites human and injects sporozoites -> sporozoites travel to liver and makes merozoites -> the merozoites invade RBC and rupture cells -> cycles of chills/fevers/sweats | some merozoites turn into gametocytes |
| Both Parabasalid and Diplomonad | have flagella for mobility and live in absence or low oxygen |
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