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UOP Microbiology
Lecture 22: Fungus
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| saprobes | organisms that feed on dead organic matter | ||
| biphasic | mold like phase at 25 degrees | yeast like phase at 37 degrees | |
| molds | fungi with hyphae | ||
| mycelium | thick mass of hyphae; "fuzzy" | ||
| hyphae | long, branched filaments | ||
| septate hyphae | individual cells are separated by cross-walls; Ex) Penicillium chrysogenum | ||
| nonseptate hyphae | no cross walls; Ex) Rhizopus Stolonifer | ||
| coenocytic | many nuclei in a common cytoplasm | ||
| asexual reproduction of fungi | genetically identical to the parent | ||
| sexual reproduction of fungi | cell of opposite mating type fuse --> nuclei fuse and chromosomes mix = cell is diploid --> undergoes division/meiosis = haploid state (spores develop) | ||
| Chytridiomycota | chytrids are a group of aquatic fungi with flagellated spores and are parasitic | Ex) endangered frogs being researched further put in danger by scientists | |
| Glomeromycota | exist with roots of >80% of plants | mutualistsic in that it provides phosphate and other nutrients to the plant while it receives organic compounds from plant | |
| mycorrhizae | found on root of eucalyptus tree | ||
| Zygomycota | coenocytic hyphae with septa only where reproductive cells are formed; asexual sporangiospres found in sporangium; ex) Rhizopus Stolonifer = bread mold | ||
| Ascomycota | has sac fungi; septate hyphae in mycelium, asexual reproduction leads to formation of conidiospores | Ex) Scarlet cup, morsels, and truffles | |
| sac-fungi | characteristic reproductive structure is a sac-like ascus | ||
| Agaricus campestris | common mushroom | ||
| Amanita phalloides | "destroying angel" | almost always fatal; phalloidin targets liver; alpha-amantin targets GI tract | |
| Fungal Diseases | systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic | ||
| Systemic | can be caused by inhalation of spores | ||
| subcutaneous | fungal infections caused by spores impolanted in puncture wounds | ||
| cutaneous | fungal infections of hair, nails, and skin | ||
| superficial | fungal infections on hair shafts or skin surface | ||
| mycology | study of fungi | ||
| mycoses | fungal disease | ||
| tinea pedis | athlete's foot | ||
| tinea cruruis | jock itch | ||
| tinea corporis | ringworm of the body | ||
| tinea unguium | ringworm of the nails | ||
| tinea capitis | ringworm of the head | ||
| Valley Fever | Coccidioides immitis | produces arhtrospores that can be inhaled --> may reinfect and start cycle over | Spherules pop and release endospores into lung causing damage and inflammation. |
| Symptoms of Coccidiomycosis | difficulty breathing, rash, flu-like symptoms, respiratory infections | can be chronic and especially in the immunosuppressed--systemic | |
| Diagnosis of Coccidiomycosis | coccidioidin skin test for screening contact with coccidiodes | ||
| Dermatophytoses | general name for fungal diseases of hair, skin, and nails | a.k.a. tinea infections | |
| Agents of Dermatophytoses | Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton | ||
| Symptoms of Dermatophytoses | bad odor, itch, and rash accompanied by blister-like lesions which exude fluid when scratched leaving a scaly ring | Also, hair loss, change in hair color and inflammation | |
| Treatments of Dermatophytoses | Drying agents - use of powders dries infected area | change local pH - certain acids are active against fungi; Ex) undecylenic acid in Desenex | Antifungals suchas Miconazole and Griseofulvin |
| Amphotericin B | natural, from Streptomyces nodosus | polyenes associate with ergosterol in fungal plasma membrane --> make membranes excessively permeable leading to leakage; treats systemic disease like coccidioidomycosis | Toxic to kidneys, so limit use |
| Azoles | synthetic (Ex: Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole); topical solutions treat cutaneous mycoses while oral/IV formulations can be used for systemic myoses | inhibition of synthesis of ergosterol, an essentail sterol in fungal cytoplasmic membrnaes | possible liver damage and/or carcinogenic |
| Griseofulvins | natural source: Penicillium griseofulvum; topical solutions treat superficial mycoses b/c of selective binding to keratin | blocks microtubule assembly and interferes with mitosis, inhibits fungal reproduction | hyphae shrivels/ retreats |
| fungi | heterotrophic, eukaryotic, spore-bearing, most are saprobes | + = decomposers (release carbon/minerals back into environment) - = cause disease in plants, animals, humans; difficult to cure fungal infections b/c both the target and host are eukaryotes | |
| Basidiomycota | Basidium is a reproductive structure on which sexual spores are produced after hyphal fusion |
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