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Major Hormones
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothalamus | Releasing & inhibiting hormones: TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, PRH, dopamine. Target the anterior pituitary & control release of anterior pituitary hormones. |
| Hormones stored in Posterior Pituitary | Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH), & Oxytocin. |
| Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone, ADH) | Targets the kidney tubules and increases H2O reabsorption. Targets the arterioles and produces vasoconstriction. |
| Oxytocin | Targets the Uterus & increases contractility. Targets the mammary glands & causes milk ejection. |
| Anterior Pituitary | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticoropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL). |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Targest the throid follicular cells and stimulates T3 and T4 secretion. |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Targets the zona fasciculata & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. Stimulates cortisol secretion. |
| Growth hormone (GH) | Targets bones/soft tissues. Essential b not solely responsible for growth; IGF-I, indirectly stimulates protein anabolism & growth of bones/softtissues; direct metabolic effects: fat mobilization & glucose conserv. Targ Liver: Stimulates IGF-I secretion. |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Targets ovarian follicles in females: promotes follicular growth & development; stimulates estrogen secretion. Targets seminiferous tubules in testes in males: stimulates sperm production. |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Females: ovarian follicle & corpus luteum: stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, & estrogen & progesterone secretion. Males: interstitial cells of Leydig in testes: stimulates testosterone secretion. |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Females: mammary glands: promotes breast development; stimulates milk secretion. Males: uncertain. |
| Pineal gland secretes | Melatonin |
| Melatonin | Targets: brain, anterior pituitary, reproductive organs, immune sys, etc. It entrains the body's biological rhythm w/ external cues; inhibits gonadotropins, its reduction initiates puberty; it acts as an antioxidant; enhances immunity. |
| Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells secrete | Teraiodothronine (T4 or thyroxine); tri-iodothyronine (T3) |
| Teraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine); tri-iodothyronine (T3) | Targets most cells. Increases metabolic rate; essential for normal growth and nerve development. |
| Thyroid Gland C Cells secrete | Calcitonin |
| Calcitonin | Targets bone. Decreases plasma calcium concentration. |
| Adrenal Cortex zona glomerulosa secretes | aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) |
| Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) | Targets the kidney tubules. Increases sodium reaborption and potassium secretion. |
| Adrenal Cortex zona fasciculata and zona reticularies secrete | Cortisol (glucocorticoid) & Androgens (dehydroepiandosterone) |
| Cortisol (glucocorticoid) | Targets most cells. Increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores; contributes to stress adaptation. |
| Androgens (dehyroepiandosterone) | Targets in females: bone and brain. Responsible for pubertal growth spurt and sex drive in females. |
| Adrenal medulla secretes | Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine | Targets the sympathetic receptor sites throughout the body. Reinforces sympathetic nervous system; contributes to stress adaptation and blood pressure regulation. |
| Endocrine Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) secrete | Insulin (beta cells), Glucagon (alpha cells), Somatostatin (D cells) |
| Insulin (Beta cells) | Target most cells. Promote cellular uptake, use, and storage of absorbed nutrients. |
| Glucagon (alpha cells) | Target most cells. Important for maintaining nutrient levels in blood during postabsorptive state. |
| Somatostatin (D cells) | Target the digestive system: inhibit digestion & absorption of nutrients. Target the pancreatic islet cells: inhibit secretion of all pancreatic hormones. |
| Parathyroid gland secretes | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Targets bone, kidneys, and intestine. Increases plasma calcium concentration; decreases plasma PO43- concentration; stimulates vitamin D activation. |
| Ovaries secretes | Estrogen and progesterone |
| Estrogen (estradiol) | Targets female sex organs; body as a whole. Promotes follicular development; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates uterine and breast growth. Targets bone. Promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate. |
| Progesterone | Targets the uterus. Prepares for pregnancy. |
| Testes secrete | Testosterone |
| Testosterone | Target male sex organs and body as a whole. Stimulates sperm production; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; promotes sex drive. Targets bone. Enhances pubertal growth spurt; promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate. |
| Testes and Ovaries secrete | Inhibin |
| Inhibin | Targets the anterior pituitary. Inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. |
| Placenta secretes | Estrogen (estriol), progesterone, Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| Estrogen (estriol) & progesterone secreted from the placenta | Target female sex organs. Help maintain pregnancy; prepare breasts for lactation. |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Target the ovarian corpus luteum. Maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy. |
| Kidneys secrete | Renin (by activating angiotensin) & Erythropoietin |
| Renin | Targets the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex (acted on by angiotensin, which is activated by renin). Stimulates aldosterone secretion; angiotensin 2 is also a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates thirst. |
| Erythropoietin | Targets bone marrow. Stimulates erythrocyte production. |
| Stomach secretes | Ghrelin and Gastrin |
| Ghrelin | Targets the hypothalamus. Signals hunger; stimulates appetite |
| Gastrin | Targets the digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; gallbladder. Controls motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes. |
| Small intestine secretes | Secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and PYY 3-36. |
| Secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK) | Targets the digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; gallbladder. Controls motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes. |
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) | Targets endocrine pancreas. Stimulates insulin secretion. |
| PYY 3-36 | Targets the hypothalamus. Signals satiety; suppresses appetite. |
| Liver secretes | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); Thrombopoietin; hepcidin. |
| insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) | Targets bone and soft tissues. Promotes growth. |
| Skin secretes | Vitamin D |
| Vitamin D | Targets intestine. Increases absorption of ingested calcium and PO43-. |
| Thymus secretes | Thymosin |
| Thymosin | Targets T lymphocytes. Enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function. |
| Heart secretes | Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP; BNP) |
| Atrial an brain natriuretic peptides (ANP; BNP) | Target kidney tubules. Inhibit sodium reabsorption. |
| Adipose tissue secretes | Leptin and other adipokines |
| Leptin | Targets the hypothalamus. Suppresses appetite; important in long-term control of body weight. |
| Other adipokines | Target multiple sites. Play a role in metabolism and inflammation. |
Created by:
punkaloo
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