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Final Reivew for A&P
Anatomy and Physiology with Review 1 Final Review Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List each level of the structural hierarchy from smallest to largest. | Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ System. |
| Atom | The smallest particle with unique chemical abilities. |
| Molecules | A particle composed of at least two or more atoms. |
| Organelle | A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out its individual functions. |
| Cell | The smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life. |
| Tissue | A mass of similar cells or cell products that form a distinct region of an organ and preforms a specific function. |
| Organ | A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. |
| Organ System | A group of organisms with a unique collective function. |
| List the Processes or Functions that are Associated with Living Things | Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Cellular Composition, Reproduction, Evolution, Organization, Metabolism. |
| Responsiveness | The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli (changes in their environment). |
| Homeostasis | The ability to maintain internal stability. |
| Cellular Composition | Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells. |
| Reproduction | All living organisms can produce copies of themselves. |
| Evolution | All living things exhibit genetic changes from one generation to another and therefore evolve. |
| Organization | The living things expand a great deal of energy to maintain order. A breakdown in this order means disease and possibly death. |
| Metabolism | Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology or provide them with energy. The sum of all these internal chemical changes is metabolism. |
| Development | A change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | Internal environment of body. |
| Negative Feedback | You made too much. Ongoing regulation. Example: Blood calcium levels. |
| Positive Feedback | Do this then stop. Example: Childbirth and Blood Clotting. |
| Describe the parts of an atom. | Proton (positive), Electron (negative), and Neutron (neutral). |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons. |
| Atomic Mass | The number of protons and neutrons. |
| Describe how the Periodic Table of the Elements is organized. | By order of atomic number. |
| Ionic Bonds | Sharing. Example: Sodium Chloride Contain Cations and anions. |
| Covalent Bonds | Contain Carbons |
| Nucleus | Brain of the cell. Contains DNA. |
| Nucleolus | Inside nucleus. Produces Ribosomes. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a unit membrane. Makes proteins. |
| Ribosome | In nucleolus. Small granule of protein and RNA. |
| Golgi Complex | A small system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts the finishing touches on proteins and glycoprotein synthesis. |
| Lysosome | A package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane. |
| Mitochondria | Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a unit membrane. |
| Microfilaments | Are about 6 nm thick and are made of the protein actin. |
| Microtubules | A cylinder made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments. Hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like a railroad track for the motor proteins. |
| Compare Passive and Active forms of membrane transport through the plasma membrane. | Passive uses osmosis but active uses receptors. |
| Hypotonic Solution | Too little. |
| Hypertonic Solution | Too much. |
| Isotonic Solutions | A balanced solution. |
| List the functions of the skeletal system. | Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte Balance, Acid-Base Balance, Blood Formation. |
| Support | Nearly all bones provide support for the muscles. Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column hold up the body. The mandible and maxilla support the teeth. |
| Protection | Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic viscera and bone marrow. |
| Movement | Limb movements, breathing and other movements are produced by the action of the muscles on the bones. |
| Electrolyte Balance | The skeleton stores calcium and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs. |
| Acid-Base Balance | Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive PLT changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline Phosphate and Carbonate salts. |
| Blood Formation | Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system. |
| List the four types of bone cells. | Osteogenic, Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteoclast. |
| Osteogenic Cells | Are stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cells types. Multiply continually. |
| Osteoblast Cells | Bone forming cells. |
| Osteocyte Cells | Former Osteoblasts. Reside in lacunae. |
| Osteoclast Cells | Bone dissolving cells. |
| Intramembranous Ossification | Produces flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. Such bones develop within a fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of the skin. |
| Endochondral Ossification | A process in which the bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage "model" that becomes replaced by a osseous tissue. Most bones of the body develop this way. |
| Describe the negative feedback mechanism for controlling blood calcium levels. | Parathyroid Hormone: Makes higher. Calcitonin: Makes lower. |
| Fascia | Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscle groups from each other. |
| Endomysium | A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. |
| Perimysium | A thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscles fibers together in bundles called fasicles. |
| Epimysium | A fibrous sheath that surrounds the outer muscle. |
| List the fascia and layers of connective tissues in order from deep to superficial. | Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia. |
| List the functions of the muscular system. | Responsiveness (excitability), Conductivity, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity. |
| Distinguish between excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. | Excitability is stimulation, contractility shortens and pulls, extensibility is able to stretch, and elasticity is stretch. |
| Describe the arrangement of protein molecules in thick filaments. | Shaped like a golf club with two chins intertwined. |
| Describe the arrangement of protein molecules in thin filaments. | Intertwine strands. |
| A Band | Dark. Has myosin and actin. |
| I Band | Thin. Only has actin. |
| H Band | Light. Has myosin only. |
| Z Disc/Line | Dark and narrow. Actin is anchored to. |
| Neuromuscular Junction | When the target cell is a muscle fiber, the synapse is called a neuromuscular junction. |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter released by somatic motor fibers, parasympathetic fibers, and some other neurons, composed of choline and an acetyl group. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine, hat halting signal transmission at a cholinergic synapse. |
| Muscle Twitch | Muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten. |
| Describe the energy sources for muscle contraction and relaxation. | ATP Glucose from blood and the muscles' own stored glucose. Aerobic Respiration. |
| List the chemical categories of hormones and examples. | Steroids (fat): Progesterone, Estrogen, Cortisol, DHEA. Amino Acids: Thyroid, everything else. |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Ovaries and Testes. Action: Female- Growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen. Male- Sperm production. |
| Lutenizing Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Ovaries and testes. Action: Female- Ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum. Male- Testosterone secretion. |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | Action: Growth of Thyroid, secretion of Thyroid HorTarget Organ or Tissue: Thyroid Gland. mone. |
| Adrenocorticoropic Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Adrenal Cortex. Action: Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids. |
| Growth Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat. Action: Widespread tissue growth, especially in stated tissues. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Kidneys. Action: Water retention. |
| Melatonin | Target Organ or Tissue: Brain Action: Uncertain, may influence mood and sexual maturation. |
| Thymopoietin | Target Organ or Tissue: Immune Cells, T lymphocytes. Action:Stimulate T lymphocyte development and activity. |
| Thymosins | Target Organ or Tissue: Immune Cells, T lymphocytes. Action:Stimulate T lymphocyte development and activity. |
| T3 (Triidothyronine) | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues Action: Elevate metabolic rate and heart production and mucho more. |
| T4 (Thyroxine) | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues Action: Elevate metabolic rate and heart production and mucho more. |
| Calcitonin | Target Organ or Tissue: Bone Action: Stimulates bone deposition, mainly in children. |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Target Organ or Tissue: Bone, Kidneys, Small Intestine. Action: Raises blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption and inhibiting deposition, and mucho more. |
| Epinephrine | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues. Action: Promotes alertness and mucho more. |
| Norepinephrine | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues. Action: Promotes alertness and mucho more. |
| Aldosterone | Target Organ or Tissue: Kidney Action: Promotes Na and water retention and K excretion; maintains blood pressure and volume. |
| Cortisol | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues. Action: Stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair. |
| Insulin | Target Organ or Tissue: Most tissues. Action: Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptakes, lowers blood glucose level; promotes glycogen, fat and protein synthesis. |
| Glucagon | Target Organ or Tissue: Primarily liver. Action: Stimulates amino acid absorption, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fat breakdown; raises blood glucose and fatty acid levels. |
| Estrogens | Target Organ or Tissue: Many tissues of mother and fetus. Action: Stimulates fetal development and maternal bodily adaptations to pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation. |
| Progesterones | Target Organ or Tissue: Many tissues of mother and fetus. Action: Stimulates fetal development and maternal bodily adaptations to pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation. |
| Testosterone | Target Organ or Tissue: Many tissues. Action: Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproduction development, musuloskeletal growth, sperm production and libido. |
| Describe the conditions associated wit ha cell membrane at resting membrane potential. | If a nerve isn't being used, it is at resting membrane potential. |
| What is the direction of impulse conduction in the descending tracts? | The direction of the impulses is going down if it is something spinal then something lower. |
| What is the direction of impulse conduction in the ascending tracts? | The direction of the impulses is going up if it is something spinal and something in the brain. |
| Monosynaptic Reflexes | Primary afferent fibers synapse directly with the alpha motor neurons. |
| Polysynaptic Reflexes | Sustained contraction of he flexors if produced by a parallel after-discharge circuit in the spinal cord. |
| What three nerves make a reflex? | Sensory, motor, and interneuron. |
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