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nurs 140 ch 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acquired immunity | production of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen |
| adenoids | mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx |
| antibody | protein produced by B cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens |
| antigen | substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells |
| axillary nodes | lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm) |
| B cell (B lymphocytes) | Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bursa of Fabricius, an organ in birds in which B cell differentiation and growth were first noted to occur. |
| cervical nodes | lymph nodes in the neck region |
| complement system | proteins in the bood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target |
| cytokines | proteins that aid and regulate the immune response. examples are interferons and interleukins. |
| cytotoxic T cell | T lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells |
| dendritic cell | specializes macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction |
| helper T cell | lymphocyte that aids B cells and cytotoxic T cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody reproduction; also called CD4+ cell or T4 cell |
| immunity | body's abilty to resist foreign organisms and toxins. This includes natural immunity and acquired immunity |
| immunoglobins | antibodies (gamma globulins) that are secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen |
| immunotherapy | use of immune cells, antibodes, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease. |
| inguinal nodes | lymph nodes in the groin region |
| interferons | proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response. |
| interleukins | Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes |
| interstitial fluid | fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries |
| lymph | thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin Lympha means clear spring water |
| lymph capillaries | tiniest lymphatic vessels |
| lypmhoid organs | lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland |
| lymph node | a collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels |
| lymph vessel | carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest |
| macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body |
| mediastinal nodes | lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity |
| monoclonal antibody | antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells. useful in immunotherapy |
| natural immunity | protection that an individual inherits to fight infection |
| plasma cell | lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies. originates from B lymphocytes |
| right lymphatic duct | large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from the upper right part of the body |
| spleen | organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells |
| suppressor T cell | Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell) |
| T cell (T lymphocte) | Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland; acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interluekins that are toxic to antigens |
| tolerance | the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" of friendly, Once tolerace is established, the immune system will not react against the body |
| thoracic duct | large lymphatic vessel in the chest that recieves lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm; it empties the lymph into veins in the upper chest |
| thymus gland | organ in the mediastinum that conditions T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response |
| tonsils | mass of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx. |
| vaccination | exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow. |
| vaccine | weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease |
| immun/o | protection |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node (gland) |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| tox/o | poison |
| ana- | again, anew |
| inter- | between |
| candidiasis | yeast-like fungus, normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin |
| cryptococcal infection (crypto) | yeast-like (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections, pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air water, and soil |
| cryptosporidiosis | parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. The pathogen is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals |
| cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | virus causes enteritis (inflammation of the intestinal tract) and retinitis. Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised |
| herpes simplex | viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis |
| histoplasmosis (histo) | fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings |
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection | bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections |
| pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) | one-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, antibiotics, pentamidine |
| toxoplasmosis (toxo) | parasitic infection involving the central nervous system and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis and seizures. aquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurizd dairy, and raw eggs or vegetables |
| tuberculosis (TB) | bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems |
| allergy | abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen |
| lymphoma | malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissues |
| Hodgkin disease | malignant tumor of lympoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. characterized by lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetitie. |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphomas | follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma. mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies. Chemotherapy may cure or stop the progress of this disease |
| multiple myeloma | malignant tumor of bone marrow cells |
| thymoma | malignant tumor of the thymus gland |
| allergen | substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen |
| anaphylaxis | exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substances |
| atopy | Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek word atopia, which means strangeness |
| CD4+ cells | helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells |
| Kaposi sarcoma | malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules |
| opportunistic infections | infectious diseases associated with AIDS they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained |
| protease inhibitor | drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolyptic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV |
| reverse transriptase inhibitor (RTI) | drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV |
| wasting syndrome | weight loss, decrease, in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity associated with AIDS |
| CD4+ cell count | measures the number f CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS |
| ELISA | screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream |
| immunoelectrophoresis | test that separates immunoglobulins |
| viral load test | measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream |
| computed tomography (CT) scan | x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures |
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pammy7130
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