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Anatomy-Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A person has ____ to ____ liters of blood | 4 to 6 |
| The normal pH range of blood is | 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline |
| The viscosity of blood is | 3 to 5 times thicker than water |
| Plasma is the | liquid part of the blood |
| Plasma is made up of approximately | 91% water |
| The clotting factors are | prothrombin and fibrinogen |
| Albumin is the most abundant | plasma protein |
| Prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin, alpha globulins, and beta globulins are all synthesized by the | liver |
| Other plasma proteins are called | globulins |
| Plasma also carries | body heat |
| The three kind of blood cells are | red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
| Blood cells are produced from stem cell in | hemopoietic tissue |
| Lymphocytes mature and divide in | lymphatic tissue |
| Red bone marrow is found in | flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, hip bone and vertebrae |
| Red blood cells are also called | erythrocytes |
| A normal RBC count is | 4.5 to 6.0 million cells per microliter |
| Hematocrit | The amount of RBCs in the blood |
| A normal hematocrit range is | 38% to 48% |
| Red blood cells contain the protein | hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin gives RBCs the ability to carry | oxygen |
| The normal range of quantity of hemoglobin is | 12 to 18 gram per 100 mL |
| Red bone marrow may also be called | hemocytoblasts |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen |
| Erythropoetin stimulates | the red bone marrow to increase the rate of RBC prodcution |
| normoblast | The last stage of the maturation of an RBC that has a nucleus |
| Red blood cells live for approximately | 120 days |
| Damaged cells are removed from circulation by cells of the | tissue macrophage system |
| Vitamin B12 is also called the | extrinsic factor |
| Parietal cells of the stomach lining produce the | intrinsic factor |
| Deficiency of B12 or the intrinsic factor results in | pernicious anemia |
| Clumping of blood | agglutination |
| Rupturing of blood cells | hemolysis |
| White blood cells are also called | leukocytes |
| A normal WBC count is | 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter |
| The granular leukocytes are | the neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
| The agranular leukocytes are | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| WBCs help provide | immunity |
| Neutrophils and monocytes are capable of the | phagocytosis of pathogens |
| Neutrophils are the more _______ phagocytes | abundant |
| Monocytes are the more ______ phagocytes | efficient |
| Immature forms of neutrophils are called | band cells |
| Heparin is an | anticoagulant |
| Histamine | makes capillaries more permeable, allowing tissue fluid, proteins and white blood cells to accumulate in the damaged area |
| T cells | recognize foreign antigens and may directly destroy some foreign antigens |
| B cells | become plasma cells that produce antibodies to foreign antigens |
| T cells and B cells | provide memory for immunity |
| Natural kill cells | destroy foreign cells by chemically rupturing their membranes |
| Leukocytosis | high WBC count |
| Leukopenia | low WBC count |
| Leukemia | malignancy of leukocyte-forming tissues |
| Major histocompatibility complex | the genes for the self-antigens |
| Thrombocytes | platelets |
| Thrombopoeitin | a hormone produced by the liver that increases the rate of platelet production |
| Vascular spasm | The contraction of a smooth muscle in a large vessel when it is damaged |
| Platelet plugs | The barrier in a capillary wall when it is ruptured, formed by platelets |
| Chemical clotting | The stimulus for clotting is a rough surface within a vessel, or a break int eh vessel, which also creates a rough surface |
| The chemicals involved with clotting are | platelet factors, chemicals release by damaged tissues, calcium ions, and the plasma protein prothrombin, fibrinogen, Factor 8 and others synthesized by the liver |
| Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to synthesize | prothombrin and several other clotting factors |
| A clot itself is made of | fibrin |
| Clot retraction | the folding of the fibrin threads to pull the edges of the rupture in the vessel wall closer together |
| Fibrinolysis | The process of the dissolving of the clot |
| The ______ is smooth so abnormal clots do not occur | endothelium |
| Antithrombin prevents | excess clotting |
| A clot is called a | thrombus |
| An embolism is a | clot or other tissue that transported from somewhere else and lodged in and obstructs a vessel. |
| Normal hematocrit for girls | 35-45 |
| Normal hematocrit for boys | 40-50 |
| Hematocrit= | (Red blood cells/Total)* 100 (to convert to percent) |
| Blood Doping | Increasing hematocrit |
| What percentage of blood is plasma? | 57% |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure |
| Rouleaux formation | When RBCs line up to pass through very tiny capillaries one by one |
| Normal hemoglobin | 12-18 |
Created by:
akikoandpoog
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