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bio 122
pregnancy growth and development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a fertalized egg called | zygote |
| a zygote contains all ____ info for what | genetic info to give rise to an adult |
| growth: what causes growth; def of development | mitosis, enlargement of cells, enlargement of body; process which individual changes from one life phase to another |
| 3 germ layers: what are the 3 tissues; these layers are responsible for what | ectoderm, endoderm, medoderm; forming all body parts |
| what supplies the fetus with oxygen etc; do baby and mom share blood | the mothers blood supply; no |
| what is the prenatal period | fertalization to birth |
| what is postnatal period | birth to death |
| fertilization: this is the union of what 2 things; the 2 haploids make what | the haploid sperm and the haploid secondary egg; a diploid zygote |
| def of pregnancy | the presence of a developing offspring in the unterus |
| fertilization: when sperm reaches the egg what does it connect to; the sperm binds to what; def of zona pellucida; what does the acrosome release ; what do the enzymes do | the corona radiate; zona pellucida; a covering around the ovum to which the acrosome of the sperm attaches; enzymes; eat its way into the egg membrane |
| fertilization: how long does it take for sperm to reach egg; how long does a 2nd oocyte survive after ovulation; what portion of sperm enters egg and what does not; when head of sperm enters egg this triggers what in egg; what do the lysosome vesicles do | 1 hour; 12-24 hours; head enters midpiece and tail stay behind; lysosome visicles beneath egg cell membrane; they release enzymes that harden the zona pellucida |
| fertilization: female meiosis is complete when; the two nuclei containing the genetic material are called what; what do the chromosomes do in the sperm and egg | only after the sperm enters the egg; pronuclei; they meet aand find their match |
| prenatal period: how long does it last; what are the 3 periods called | 38-40 wks for conception; cleavage, embryonic stage, fetal stage |
| prenatal period: cleavage- when does conception occur; when is cleavage; when does embryo start to divide; how does it divide; what are these cells here called; | when the genetic package of sperm cell and egg cell merge; when the cell starts to divide; 30 hrs after fertilization; by mitosis; blastomeres; |
| prenatal period: cleavage: division occurs with little time for the cells to do what; so with each subsequent division the size of cells increase or decrease | grow; decrease |
| prenatal period: cleavage- the egg is to big to sustain life and what is done to reduce the cells; is there growth; is there an increase in the # of cells; | early divisions reduce the cells to a size that can sustain them; no; yes; |
| pregnacny: transport of sex cells- the jounrey to the upper portions of the uterine tube for sperm takes how long; | less than an hour; |
| prenatal period: cleavage- when does conception occur; def of cleavage; what is the name of the cells in cleavage | when the genetic packages of sperm and egg merge; rapid cell division and distribution of the zygotes cytoplasm into progressively smaller cells; blastomeres; |
| prenatal period: cleavage- how long does it take for embryo to reach uterus; once it reaches uterus what is the structure called; def of morula | 3 days; morula; a solid structure that is ball like and has 16 cells; |
| prenatal period: cleavage- what happens after the morula stage; what is the hollow structure called; when does the blastocyte superficially implant to the endometrium; | the solid ball hollows out and the zona pellucida of the cell degenerates; blastocyst; at end of 1st week; |
| prenatal period: cleavage- the blastocyte develops into how many different types of tissues; what are the 2 tissues; within the blastocyte the inner cell mass gives rise to what; the embryo proper is the body of what; | 2; one is the growing embryo and one is the placenta; the embryo proper; the developing offstrping |
| prenatal period: cleavage- the cells that form the wall of teh blastocyst are called what; the trophoblast develop into what | trophoblast; develops into placenta |
| prenatal period: cleavage- on what day does the blastocyst attach to the uterine lining; what enzyme aids in attachment; what does this enzyme do; | on 5th day; proteolytic; digest portions of the endometrium; |
| prenatal period: cleavage- the trophoblast produces tiny fingerlike processes why; what is the process of the blastocyst nestling into the uterine lining | so it can grow into the endometriuml implantation |
| prenatal period: what is the gastrula; when the tissues layers differentiate the mass is now reffered to as what; def of fetus; | when the 1st 3 tissue layers differentiate; an embryo; 8 wks to birth; |
| implantation: the trophoblast secretes what hormone; what does hCG stand for; hCG maintains what; the corpus luteum prevents what hormones from being produced; | hCG; human chorionic gonadotropin hormone; the corpus luteum and prevents the immune system from rejecting the blastocyst; FSH and LH |
| prenatal period: hGC also helps placenta how; | it stimulates synthesis of other hormones from the developing placenta |
| placenta: it does what; formed where; it exchagnes what; what hormones does it produce; what does lactogen do | sustains embryo during pregnancy; around the embryo;gases nutrients and waste between mother's blood and baby's; placental estrogen and progesterone and lactogen; stimulates breast development and prepares for milk production |
| hormonal chagnes: aldosterone production increases and this retains what; what does increase in relaxin do; hCG helps prevent spontanious what; what 2 hormones frm the anterior pituitary are inhibited; | sodium and thus water; loosens ligaments of the pubic symphysis; abortions; FSH and LH |
| hormonal chagnes: why is the corpus lutium less important for estrogen and progesterone secretion after the 1st trimester; what hormone level is detected in urine that confirms pregnancy | b/c the plecenta can then function on its own; hCG |
| hormonal chagnes:what inhibits uterine contractions; what does parathyroid hormone do; | progesterone; increase maternal blood levels of calcium |
| why is maternal blood volume increased | to handle fetal growth |
| embryonic stage: when is it; when does the blastocyst complete implantation; what are the 3 germ layers; what forms between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; what is the embryonic disc; what forms between the endoderm and the ectoderm; | beginning the 2nd week through week 8; during the 2nd week of prenatal development; ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm; the amniotic cavity; forms the endoderm and the ectoderm; the mesoderm; |
| embryonic stage: the mass is referred to as what when the germ layers are formed; what is gastrulation; what are the 3 layers called; where are all organs formed; what are the cells of the ectoderm and endoderm; what are the cells of the mesoderm; | a gastrula; when the mesoderm forms between the ecto and endoderm; primary germ layers; primary germ layers; epithelial; loosely organized CT; |
| germ layers: ectoderm- it forms what; forms all structures where | the nervous system, epidermis, hair, nails, glands of skin, lining of mouth and anus; all structures in outside of body |
| germ layers: endoderm- this layer forms what; forms what type of structures | the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra; mostly internal structures; |
| germ layers: mesoderm- this layer forms what; | bosy tissues bone, muscle, BVs, lymph vessesl, CT, internal reproductive organs, kidneys |
| germ layers: the flat embryonic disc becomes what during 4th week; this cylinder is called what; what forms at end of 4th week; | cylindrical a precursor to the CNS; the neural tube; the head and jaw and heart beat; |
| placenta: chorion- develops from what; what do chorionic villi do; enzymes digest what else; | the trophoblast after it develops another layer of cells; they develop andpenetrate the endometrial wall due to the protolytic enzymes that erode away the wall; the spaces areound the maternal villi where blood pools; |
| placenta: chorion- what separates the maternal blood from the babie's blood; | the choronic membrane; |
| placenta: amnion- what is it; what does it fill with; what does amniotic fluid do; when does it appear; | the 2nd membrane that forms around the embryo; amniotic fluid; that serves to protect the baby and maintain a a stable temp; the second week |
| placenta: umbilical cord- what does it do; how many BV does it have; how many umbilical arteries and how many umbilical veins; vein carries blood where; arteries carry blood where; | connects the umbilicus of the baby to the placenta; 3; 2 and 1; to the baby from the mother's blood; CO2 blood from baby to placenta; |
| placenta: yolk sac - what does it form in early development; it also produces stem cells for what; | blood cells;bone marrow; |
| placenta: allantois- when is it formed; whatdoes it produce; | during 3rd wk; blood cells |
| placenta: eventually what becomes very enlarged; when the cavity is enlarged what happens; name when this happens | the amniotic cavity; the membrane of the amnion contacts the thicker chorion around it; amniochorionic membrane |
| embryonic stage: when does it conclude; why is it most important stage of development | after 8th week; during it the embryo implants within the uterine wall and all essential body parts are formed |
| list the changes in fertilized zygote to embryo | zygote, morula, blastocyst, blastula, gatrula, embryo |
| embryonic stage wk 2-4: what develops | umbilical cord, head and jaw appear, heart beats, blood is present and moving, arm and leg buds appear |
| embryonic stage wk 5-8: what develops | face develops, fingers and toes, internal organs develop, at end everything is developed |
| fetal stage: when is it; | beginning 8th week to birth; |
| fetal stage: 3rd lunar month- what happens | body grows in length; head develops slow; pssification center appears; reproductive organs distinguishable; |
| fetal stage: 4th lunar month- what happens | body grows rapidly, legs lengthen, bones continue to ossify, hair and nipples and nails develop |
| fetal stage: 5th lunar month- what happens; what is the first skeletal movement called; what is the name for the fine hair called; what is vernix; | growth slows somewhat, skeletal muscles become active, skin is covered in fine hair, skin covered in vernix, baby curls in the fetal position; quickening; lanugo; sebum and dead cells; |
| fetal stage:6th lunar month- what happens | body gains weight; eyebrows and eyelashes appear, skin is red b/c dermal BV develop |
| fetal stage:7th lunar month- what happens | skin smooths out, fat is deposited in subq region, eyelids open |
| fetal stage:8th lunar month- what happens | skin is still red, testes of males, descend through the inguinal canal, digestive and respiratory systems last to develop |
| fetal stage:9th lunar month- what happens | skin smooths, body gains weight, redness of skin dissapears |
| fetal stage:10th lunar month- what happens | baby is full term, skin has lost its downy hair, scalp may develop hair, nails on fingers and toes, skull bones ossify, tontanels do not ossify |
| fetal blood circulation: how is fetal hemoglobin different; fetal blood carries how much more oxygen than a mother's blood | it is 50% greater than maternal blood and has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult blood; 2-30% more |
| fetal blood circulation: why does only a small amount of blood enter the pulmonary circuit in fetus; | b/c lungs are collapsed and their BVs have a high resistance to blood flow but enough blood reaches lung tissues to sustain them |
| fetal blood circulation: half of the blood that enters baby bodygoes where; where does the other half go; the ductus venosus connect to what; | the liver and processed as it would an adult body; bypass the liver to the ductus venosus; the inferior vena cava; |
| fetal blood circulation: what is the bypass between teh atria of the fetal heart; what keeps the blood from moving back into the right atrium; | the foramen ovale; a flap called the septum primum; |
| fetal blood circulation: whatis the bypass between the pulmonary leading to the lungs and the aorta; the ductus arteriosus becomes what after birth | the ductus arteriosus; ductus ligamentum |
| fetal blood circulation: the umbilical arteries run off the internal iliac arteries and what happens after birth | they close |
| birth process: when does pregnancy terminate; what happens as the placenta ages; changes in cervix begin when; | with the birth process; the progesterone concetration within uterus declines;a week or 2 before other signs of labor occur; |
| birth: aka; progesterone- suppresses what; as pregnancy progresses what happens to the concentration of progesterone;what is name for when cervix thins out; stretching of the uterus and vagina initiates what; | parturition; uterine contractions; it is less; it effaces; nerve impulses to the hypothalamus |
| birth: the hypothalamus signals what to secrete oxytocin; oxytocin stimulates what; labor contractions force head against what; is labor positive or negative feedback | the posterior pituitary; powerful uterine constractions; the cervix and stretches it which elecits a reflex; positive |
| labor: where do contractions begin; why does cervix continue to dilate; why does more oxytocin release | at the top of the uterus to cervix; more oxytocin is present; b/c cervix is dilated |
| aferbirht: after baby is born uterus does what; uterus contracts until what is expelled; contractions also help stop bleeding how; | continues to contract; the placenta; they compress the BV to stop the bleeding |
| milk production andsecretion: pre-birth changes- what hormones stimulate the breasts for lactation; estrogen does what; progesterone stimulates development of what; what other hormone helps | estrogen and progesterone; causes ductile system to grow, branch and increase the fat in them; alveolar glands; placental lactogen |
| milk production and secretion: prolactin- secreted by what; it stimulates what; when is it active; what inhibits milk production; what happens after the baby is born to placental progesterone | anterior pituitary gland; milk production; until after the baby is born; placental progesterone; it decreases and milk is not inhibited |
| milk production: while milk production is no longer inhibited it takes 2-3 days what is produced those days; colostrum is rich in whatl | colostrum; proteins and contains many antibodies from the mother immune system that protect the baby from early illnesses |
| milk production andsecretion: myoepithelial cells: what are they; controlled by what; oxytocin causes the celsl to what; what happens after baby is weaned; | specialized cells surround the alveolar glands; the reflexive action initiated by the suckling infant; contract squirting the milk into the baby's mouth; the decreased stimulation stops milk production |
| milk production andsecretion: prolactin also suppresses the release of what; the supression of the hormone keeps the repro cycle from what | GnRH; keeps the reproductive cycle from starting right away |
| def of neonatal period | birth to end of 1st month |
| def of infacny | 4wk - one year |
| def of childhood | 1st year until puberty |
| adolescence def | puberty to adulthood |
| def of senescence | process of growing old |
| how does breast feeding contribute to returning uterus to its size | the suckling newborn stimulates the mother's posterior pituitary release of oxytocin |
| what is term involution | the process of uterus shrinking |
Created by:
jmkettel
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