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Bio 1B Midterm 3
Plant and Fungi Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Old View of Animals Vs. Plants | From Aristotle time till 1960s Animals: Can move about; have sensory and perceptive capability (literally, "soul") Zoology: Science focused on animals Plants: No motor capability, sensor. Do have nutritive and repro. Zoology and Botany |
| Five Kingdom | -Plants- Plants that were macroscopic capable of photosyn. Animal- Same as before. -Fungi - Organisms not capabale of photo. -Protista-All other eukaryotes (mostly microscopic) Convenient group. -Monera (All prokaryotes were placed in this kingdom. |
| Eukaryotes | -Membrane bound nucleus and organelles. -Includes protists, animals, plants and fungi. ~2 billion years ago |
| Prokaryotes | -Lack a nucleus and organelles. -Monera only. -PCR allowed us to find more differences in samller genome sequences for phylogentic relationships in environmental samples. ~3.5 billion years ago |
| Three Domain System | - Archaea and Bacteria (Prokaryotes) -Archaea may be more closely related to eukaryotes. -Animals, Fungi, and Plants are just twigs on the tree of life |
| Extremophiles | -Loves of extreme conditions. Includes many archaea. -Halophiles- Saline environments Thermophiles: Hot enviro. Methanognes: live in anaerobic guts (cattle) Ex. Volcanic Vents (Black Smokers" Feed off of HS. Hydrothermal vents; Seawater ponds. |
| Bacteria | -Diverse group every major mode of nutrition. -Cyanobacteria capable of photosynthesis, unlike all known archaea. Led to O2 rich atmosphere 1.8 billion years ago. -Critical for nitrogen fixation for other organisms. |
| Autotrophs/Heterotrophs | Generate food from inorganic carbon. Photoautotrophs get food through photosynthetic organisms and utilize light as their energy source. Chemolithotrophs capture energy from oxidizing inorganic substances. -Heterotrophs - Feed on other organisms for C. |
| Viruses | Left out because they are non-living; because they are inert in isolation |
| Septa | -Broken into compartments in the hyphae. They are distinguished by the pores that separate them. Cytoplasm is still continuous. |
| Fruiting bodies | Can be initiated by a number of things. Such as the lack of available nutrients or presence of abundant moisture. Can concentrate resources in production of fruiting body in just a few hours and release a billion spores. |
| Septate Hypha | -Hyphae compartmentalized by partialy open partition in most fungi (Ascomycota & Basidiomycota); |
| Coenocytic hypha | -Others lack any partitions in their hyphae (nuclei are not compartmentalized. Both allow resources to be mobilized quickly as needed within the mycelium. |
| Nematode trappers | Example of predatorial fungi, ascomycetes. They attack living nematodes in its hyphae. |
| Mycorrhizal association | Mutualism between fungi and plant roots. Sybiotic mutualism between land plants and fungi. Fungus obtains organic nutrients (carbohydrate & amino acids) from the plant; the plant benefits from enhanced uptake of water and inorganic nutrients (esp. P) |
| Ectomycorrhizal Fungi | -Fungi associate with temperate & boreal trees; the fungal do not pentrate cell walls, just the spaces between teh cells and outside the roots. Mass of hyphae involved is often as great as that of the root alone. |
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | -Most plants associate with fungi that penetrate root cell wall, and have extensive contact with cell membrane.Ancient and dates back to the time of early land plants. Bushy structures called arbuscules. |
| Five major clades of fungi (top 2 may not be strict clades. | Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. (Microsporidia have no mitochondria and are not covered) |
| Chytridiomycota | -Diverged early in evolution of fungi; once treated as protists. -Important decomposers in soil and symbionts in guts of various animals. -ONLY FUNGI WITH MOTILE SPORES (posterior flagellae) -Some unicellular, some filamentous; most are micro and aqua. |
| Zygomycota | Zygomycetes include black bread molds, include taxa from different major clades and even some non-fungi. Coenocytic, open cytoplasm except for reproductive bodies (gametangia zygosporangium, asexual sporangia) |
| Zygospores | Gametangia of different mating types fuse together to form zygosporangium. Many undergo fusion to form many diploid zygotes. Then release numerous haploid spores that resulted from many diploid zygotes from meiosis. However most spores are asexual. |
| Pilobolus | Asexual sporangia can disperse spores explosively for 2 meters. Zygomycota. |
| Glomeromycota | -Once zygomycetes but are now closely related to club fungi and sac fungi. -Include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and are among the oldest known. No sex known. |
| Ascomycota | -65,000 species more than half of fungi to date. -Have ascocarps that contain numerous asci. Can also occur by asexual budding. Includes yeasts. Unicellular fungi, highly diverse. |
| Basidiomycota | -Fruiting bodies of club fungi are diverse. All produce basidia and basidiocarps. -Oten produced at leading edge of radiating mycelium, where resources are richest (creating "fairy ring") |
| Humongous Fungus | Main bulk of fungal body; may cover vast area (e.g. 6.5 sq km), and can reach immense size (~100 tons) and age (1000s of years). |
| Deuteromycota | -Difficult to determine relationships based on mrophology if sexual fruiting bodies absent. An artificial phylum contains Penicellium. Retained as a formal group to highlight asexual life history of its members. |
| Oomycota | Water mods, but are no longer considered fungi. More closely related to some algal lineages. Includes teh destructive plant pathogens in Phyophthora. They have diploid hyphae as well as motile sperm and large non-motile eggs (basis of name oomycota. |
| Slime Molds | -Distant to fungi and animals. Spend most of their life cycle as a multinucleate mass of streaming protoplasm that moves like an amoeba. Engulfs small particles as it moves, until food depleted, than may produce sporangia. Proto streaming |
| Life Cycle of Fungi (Basidiomycota) | Basidiomycetes mate, hyphae of different mating types fuse to form dikaryotic hyphae (n+n) and fruiting bodies develop. Huge basidia then form zyggotes, meiosis, and then eject spores that germinate to form hyphae. |
| Basidium | The small things of the mature fruiting body. |
| Soredia | -Fungal hyphae in lichens that break off with another alga cell to start a new lichen (asexual reproduction) Fungal alone can also produce sexually. |
| Foliose | -Leafy lichen with ascocarps on soil |
| Fruticose | Shrubby lichen on wood |
| Crustose | Encrusting lichen |
| Endophytes | Fungi that live inside plants. IN cocoa tree trees without endophytes were more vulnerable to pathogens. -Reduce vulnerability to infected plants to pathogens may be caused by alkaloids produced by the fungi that are toxic to herbivores. |
| Examples of Fungi as Pathogens | Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight |
| Codryceps fungus | Diverse clade of mostly insect pathogens (replace host tissue with mycelium) -30% of fungi are parasitic. |
| Evidence for Endosymbiosis | -Size, Replication, Ribosomes, Antibiotics, Genomes. |
| Evolutionary Characteristics of Algae | -Multicellularity has evolved independently in the different groups of "seaweeds") |
| Different types of Algae | -Blue-green bacteria, Dinoflagellates, Elenoids, Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown, Red, Green. |
| Heterocysts | Nitrogen fixation takes place in blue-green algae in these places. |
| Chlorarachniophytes | -Have a vestigial nucleus (nucleomorph) in association with the plastid (evidence that the plastid was derived from a eukaryotic alga) |
| Euglenids | -Photosynthetic taxa acquired chloroplast from secondary endosybiosis from unicellular green alga. Still are heterotrophic and engulf prey by phogcytosis. |
| Dinoflagellates | -Bizzare unicellular algae with external armor of cellulose plates with 2 flagellae, one encircling their body like a belt, causing them to spin through water. Responsible for red tides and toxins (can kill predator and prey) -Symbiosis with Coral. |
| Diatoms | -Most diverse and ecological algae, 25% of earth's primray productivity. Mostly unicellular, colonial. Cell walls of hydrated silica, marine and freshwater. Help reduce carbon from ecosystem when they die. |
| Golden Algae | Unicellular or colonial organisms closely related to diatoms and brown algae; all appear to descend from same ancestor of red algae 2nd. |
| Red Algae | -Mostly seaweeds, often reddish from pigments that mask green color of chlorophyll. -Reddish pigments of red algae absorb blue/green wavelengths which penetrate deepest in water. -In nori sushi and agar and agaros |
| Chlamydomonas nivalis | Green algae with red accessory pigments that import red color to "watermelon snow". It thrives in snowmelt. |
| Charophyte | -Fresh-water green algae. Multicellular, only have haploid bodies, only diploid stage is zygote. |
| Bryophytes | -Paraphyletic. More closely related to vascular plants than they are to toher bryophytes (liverworts) -Dessication resistant spores, but not rigid conducting tissue. -Dessication tolerant in dominant phase gametophyte. -Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses. |
| Rhizomes | -Bryophytes do not have roots, only unicellular or filamentous that anchor the gametophyte to substrate. |
| Mosses | -Usually have a leafy gametophyte, sporophyte have a sporangium capsule, and seta stalk. Have a peristome. -Have a conducting tissue that transports water, minerals, and nutrients within the moss body. |
| Peristome | Regulates spore dispersal in mosses. |
| Liverworts. | Have flattened prosrate gametophyte, sporophyte is usually fragile. Sporophyte may be elongated elvated structure and do not have peristome |
| Hornworts | Low diversity and have slimy flattened, prostrate gametophyte. The hornwort sporophyte is basically an elongated, hornshaped sporangium and has indefinite growth. |
| Fresh Peat Mosses (Sphagnum | -Large amount of carbon stored by peat deposits is tremendous and an important consideration in maangement of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. -Lopw ph, cool temps, anaerobic conditions allow for preservation. -Sterile bandaging. |
| Earliest Vascular Plants (Rhyniophytes) | -No leaves, no roots, dichotomous branching axes (terminal sporangia and gametangia. -Seem to be transitional stage between dominance of sporophyte generation as small differences in sporophyte. -Devonian where small matchstick-sized. |
| Free-sporing Vascular Plants | Paraphyletic group, with ferns more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes, misleadingly called "fern allies" -Standing water is needed for fertilization. (Ancestral Features) |
| Vascular Plant Innovations | -Dominant sporophyte -Well-developed cuticle Vascular tissue Tracheids (lignified xylary conducting cells) -Branched sporophyte -Roots |
| Lycophytes | -Moss-like, but it's the sporophyte! Usually small plants |
| Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk ferns | -Some are tree-like but most only have rhizomes, with the above-ground biomass represented by leaves. Horsetails and whisk ferns are now ferns. |
| Indusium | -Protects the sporangia in the sorus. |
| Selaginella | Lycophyta that have two types of spores (heterospory) that germinate to form male or female gametophytes. Exclusive sperm or geggs. |
Created by:
d.wu
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