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Chpt_3_Biochemistry
Vocabulary from Holt Modern Biology Chapter 3: Biochemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic compounds | Compounds that are made primarily of carbon atoms |
| Functional groups | Clusters of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| Monomers | Small, simple units of carbon compounds that often make up larger compounds |
| Polymer | A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units |
| Macromolecules | Large polymers |
| Condensation reactions | The chemical reaction where monomers are linked together to form polymers |
| Hydrolysis | The process by which complex molecules like polymers are broken down into simpler units |
| Adenosine triphosphate | Also known as ATP; provides energy to the cell through its covalently bonded phosphate groups |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom |
| Monosaccharide | A monomer of a carbohydrate; also called a simple sugar |
| Disaccharide | Two monomers linked in a condensation reaction; also called a disaccharide |
| Polysaccharide | A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| Proteins | Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; formed from the linkage of amino acids |
| Amino acids | The monomers for proteins, these all share a common basic structure and differ by their R groups |
| Peptide bond | A covalent bond formed between two amino acids |
| Polypeptides | Long chains of amino acids |
| Enzymes | RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts |
| Substrate | The reactant being catalyzed by an enzyme |
| Active site | The site of an enzyme formed by folds in the protein shape that allows a specific substrate to fit in and be catalyzed |
| Lipids | Large, nonpolar organic molecules that have larger numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds per gram than other organic molecules |
| Triglycerides | A lipid composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol |
| Fatty acids | Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| Phospholipids | Lipids that have two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| Wax | A structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| Steroid | Lipid molecules composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached |
| Nucleic acids | Large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | Also known as DNA, contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs cell activity |
| Ribonucleic acid | Also known as RNA; sores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| Nucleotide | The monomers of nucleic acids; each is made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
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