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Chapter 11 Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Although the environment influences how an organism develops, the genetic information that is held in the molecules of ???? ultimately determines an organism's traits. | DNA |
| DNA achieves its control by determining the structure of ???? | Proteins |
| All actions such as eating, running, thinking depend on proteins called ???? | enzymes |
| Enzymes are critical for an organism's function because they ????? the chemical reactions needed for life. | control |
| DNA is | information or instructions |
| In 1952 ???? and ???? performed an experiment using radioactivitely labeled viruses that infect bacteria. | Alfred Hersey and Marthat Chase |
| These viruses were made of only proteins and ??? | DNA |
| DNA is a polymer with repeating subunits called ??? | nucleotides |
| Nucleotides have 3 parts: | simple sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogeonous base |
| The simple sugar in DNA is ??? | deoxyribose and it gives DNA its name, deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid. |
| The phosphate group in DNA has | 1 phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms |
| In DNA, there are four possible nitrogenous bases: | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| Thus, in DNA there are ???? possible nucleotides, each containing one of the possible nitorgenous bases. | 4 |
| Nocleotides join together to from long chains, with the ??? group of one nucleotide bonding to the deoxyribose ???? of an adjacent nucleotide. | phosphate and sugar |
| The phosphate and deoxyribose molecules form the ??? of the DNA chain. (back of zipper) | backbone |
| The ???? bases stick out like teeth on a zipper. | nitrogen |
| In DNA, Adenine is always equal to ??? | thymine |
| In DNA, guanine is always equal to ??? | cytosine |
| Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G are held together by | hydrogen bonds. |
| Adenine and guanine are purines or pyrimdines? | purines (with big base drawing) |
| Cytosine and thymine are purines or pyrimidines? | pyrimidines (with small base drawing, single) |
| Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is shaped like a long | zipper that is twisted like a coil or spring. |
| Because DNA is composed of two strands twisted together, its shape is called | helix |
| The sequence of ??? forms forms the unique genetic information of an organism. | nucleotides |
| The ??? the relationship is between two organisms, the more ??? their DNA nucleotide sequences will be. | closer, similar |
| Scientists use nucleotide sequences to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms, to determine whether two people are ??? and to identify bodies of crime victoms. | related |
| Before a cell can divide by mitosis or meosis, it must first make a copy of its | chromosomes |
| The DNA in chromosomes is copied in a process called | DNA Replication |
| Without DNA replication, new cells would have ??? the DNA of their parents. | half |
| DNA is copied during ????? prior to mitosis and meiosis. | interphase. |
| The sequence of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base) in DNA contains information. This information is put to work through the production of | proteins |
| Proteins fold into complex, three-dimensional shapes to become key cell structures and regulators of cell | functions |
| Soem proteins become filaments in muscle tissue. Other proteins like ???? control chemical reatons that perform key life functions like breaking down glucose molecules in cellular respiration, digesting. | enzymes |
| In fact, enzymes control ??? the chemical reactions of an organizm. | all |
| Proteins are ???? of amino acids. | polymers |
| Nucleotides make a string of ??? DNA makes a string of ??? | amino acids proteins |
| RNA, like DNA, is a ????. | nucleic |
| RNA differs from DNA is 3 ways: | 1. RNA is single stranded (looks like half a zipper) 2. Sugar in RNA is ribose (DNA is deoxyribose) 3. Both RNA and DNA have 4 nitrogen bases BUT RNA has uracil, not thymine. |
| In RNA, uracil forms a base with | adenine (just as thymine does in DNA) |
| The workers for protein synthesis are ??? molecules. | RNA |
| The RNA molecules take from DNA the instructions on how the protein should be assembled. Then they ??? the protein. | assemble it amino acid by amino acid |
| There are 3 types of RNA that help build protein: | 1. messenger (mRNA) 2. ribosomal (rRNA) 3. transfer (tRNA) |
| Messanger RNA brings intructions from DNA in the ???? to the cytoplasm. | nucleus |
| In the nucleus, enzymes make an RNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand in the process called ?? | transcription. |
| The difference between RNA transcription and DNA replication is | RNA transcription makes a single strand & DNA replication makes a double strand. |
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