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Chpt_2_Chemistry
Vocab from Chapter 2 in Holt Modern Biology: Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and takes up mass |
| Mass | Quantity of matter an object has |
| Elements | Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
| Atom | The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of an element |
| Nucleus | The central region of an atom which consists of two types of subatomic particles, protons and neutrons |
| Proton | A positively charged sub-atomic particle |
| Neutron | A neutrally charged sub-atomic particle |
| Atomic number | the number of protons in an atom |
| Mass number | Equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom |
| Electrons | Small, negatively charged sub-atomic particles |
| Orbital | A three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| Compounds | A substance made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
| Chemical bonds | Attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| Covalent bond | A bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | The simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state |
| Ion | An atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| Ionic bond | A bond that results when two oppositely charged atoms are attracted to each other |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Chemical reactions | A process by which one or more substances are changed to produce one or more different substances |
| Reactants | The original substances in a chemical reaction that are changed; typically shown on the left side of a chemical equation |
| Products | The new substances created in a chemical reaction; typically shown on the right side of a chemical equation |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalysts | Chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place |
| Redox reactions | Reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms |
| Oxidation reaction | A chemical reaction where the reactant loses one or more electrons, becoming more positive in charge |
| Reduction reaction | A chemical reaction in which a reactant gains one or more electrons become more negative in charge |
| Polar | A molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge |
| Hydrogen bond | The force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge |
| Cohesion | Attractive forces that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| Adhesion | Attractive force between two particles of different substances |
| Capillarity | A combination of cohesion and adhesion which results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid |
| Solution | A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved into a solvent |
| Solvent | The substance in which a solute is dissolved |
| Concentration | The amount of a solute dissolved in a fixed amount of a solvent |
| Saturated solution | A solution in which no more solute can dissolve |
| Aqueous solutions | Solutions in which water is the solvent |
| Hydroxide | An OH- ion |
| Hydronium | A H3O+ ion |
| Acid | A solution in which the number of hydronium ions outnumbers the number of hydroxide ions |
| Base | A solution in which there are more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions |
| pH scale | A scale used for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution |
| Buffers | Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution |
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