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BIO 202 Practical 3
digestion, urinary, reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the alimentary canal | the digestive tract |
| Where does the alimentary canal start | mouth |
| Name some things you would see in urine microscopically | red or white blood cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, yeast cells, parasites, squamous cells, cloth fibers |
| Oogenesis | formation of eggs |
| Spermatogenesis | formation of sperm |
| What is the normal color of urine? | clear and pale to dark yellow or amber colored |
| What could affect the color of urine? | fluid balances, foods, certain vitamins, medicines, diseases |
| Urine is usually clear. T/F? | True |
| What is the normal odor of urine? | not very strong; slightly “nutty” odor |
| Glucose in the urine may mean what? | diabetes |
| Ketones may be found in urine during? | fasting, pregnancy, frequent strenuous exercise, low carb diets |
| High specific gravity (>1.007 to 1.010) means? | dehydration |
| Low specific gravity (<1.007 to 1.010) means? | hydration |
| Blood usually occurs in urine of who? | menstruating females |
| Should protein be high or low in normal urine? | low |
| Increased levels of urobilinogen suggest what disease? | liver disease |
| A positive nitrite test indicates that ______ may be present in the urine. | bacteria |
| Leukocytes in the urine suggest what for a person? | urinary tract infection |
| How many layers are in the stomach and what are they called? | 5; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, subserosa, and serosa. |
| What muscular action does the esophagus perform? | peristalsis |
| Where do proteins get digested? | stomach |
| Where do carbs get digested initially | mouth by salivary amylase |
| What is the difference between the cortical nephrons the juxtamedullary nephrons? | cortical nephrons stay in the cortex; juxtamedullary nephrons move downward |
| Proteins start getting digested in stomach by what substances? | pepsinogen and HCl |
| How are fats broken down? | Fats get broken down in small intestine in the duodenum by bile |
| What structures of the small intestine allows it to absorb 90% of nutrients | folds, villi, microvilli-surface area, etc. |
| Functions of the large intestine | get chyme ready for removal, extract water, compact chyme |
| What are the four organs in urinary system | urethra, ureters, bladder, kidney |
| Why do males have a longer urethra | because it is extended out due to the penis |
| Who has a larger bladder, males or females? | Males have larger bladder |
| Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| Name the regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients? | plicae, villi, microvilli, rich supply of vessels |
| The digestion of which nutrient would be affect by damage to the parotid salivary glands? | complex carbohydrates |
| The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas? | fats (lipids) |
| Describe the anatomy and physiology of a burp. | swallowed air or air formed as a result of digestion gathers in the fundic region of the stomach; when the stomach contents or enough air is formed, it leaves the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter forming a burp |
| List the accessory organs of the digestive system. | salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| List the regions of the large intestine. | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
| Where does most absorption take place in the digestive system? | small intestine |
| Name the components of the urinary system. | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra |
| List the two factors that influence net filtration pressure. | hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| Obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone would interfere with the flow of urine between which two points? | renal pelvis and urinary bladder |
| Define nephrolithiasis. | function of kidney stones |
| What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| What is the primary function of the urinary system? | excretion and elimination of organic wastes |
| Trace a drop of urine from the minor calyx to the urinary bladder. | minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder |
| List the three characteristics of urine. | color, turbidity, odor |
| Upon performing urinalysis to see if your patient has a urinary tract infection what might you be looking for that would help your diagnosis? | nitrites, leukocytes, blood |
| What might you see under microscopic examination of this same patient’s urine? | WBCs and bacteria |
| What do the kidneys filter? | blood |
| How many nephrons are in a kidney? | 1-1.5 million |
| Identify the sexually transmitted disease that this rash is a symptom of? | syphilis |
| How is genital herpes treated? Can it be cured? | antivirals; no |
| What are male gametes called? | sperm |
| What are female gametes called? | eggs |
| What are the male gonads called? | testes |
| What art the female gonads called? | ovaries |
| Trace the pathway that a sperm travels from the site of the testes to outside the body. | testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, outside |
| What effect would blockage of both uterine tubes by scare tissue resulting from gonorrhea have on a woman’s ability to conceive? | sterility |
| What causes urine to be yellow? | urobilia |
| When specific gravity is being measured on a urine sample, what will it indicate? | solute concentration |
| Which layer of the uterus is sloughed off or shed during menstruation? | endometrium |
| Would the blockage of a single lactiferous sinus interfere with the delivery of milk to the nipple? | no because each breast has15-20 lactiferous sinuses |
| Define ovulation. | when a developing egg has reached maturity, it is ejected from the ovary |
| What would blockage of progesterone receptors in the uterus have on the endometrium? | inhibit development of the endometrium |
| What event in the uterine cycle occurs when the levels of estrogens and progesterone decline? | menses |
| In females, meiosis II is not completed until ______? | fertilization occurs |
| What accessory structures contribute to the composition of semen? What are the functions of each? | seminal vesicles—nourishes sperm; prostate gland—activates sperm; bulbourethral glands—buffers sperm |
| In what condition would endometrial cells migrate from the body of the uterus into the uterine tubes and into the peritoneal cavity and become established causing periodic pain? | endometriosis |
| How might enlargement of the prostate gland interfere with urination or the reproductive ability of the male? | blockage of the urethra will not permit sperm or urine to pass |
| Assume a couple has just had sex. Trace the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract. | vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube |
| What is the importance of mesenteries? | supports and stabilizes the organs in the abdominal cavity and provides a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels |
| Name the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract from superficial to deep. | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
| What is peristalsis? | a wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract, the uterus, or the ductus deferens |
| What type of digestion occurs in the mouth? | mechanical and chemical |
| Name the three layers of the uterine wall from the inside out. | endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
| What is the function of the smooth muscle in the epididymis? | to move the immobile sperm |
Created by:
slarmentrout
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