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Chapter 29-bio
Development and Inheritance
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Define development | Gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics from fertilization to maturity | |
| Define inheritance | Transfer of genetic material from generation to generation | |
| Define prenatal period | Prenatal begins at conception and ends at birth | |
| Define postnatal period | Postnatal begins at birth and ends at death | |
| Define diploid | ||
| Define haploid | ||
| list the phases of meiosis (I and II) | ||
| know major events | ||
| define crossing over and how it help in variety of the genetic code of an individual | ||
| Spermatogenesis | produces 4 functional spermatozoa – each with 23 chromosomes | |
| Oogenesis | produces 1 functional ovum and 3 non functional polar bodies – each with 23 chromosomes | |
| Define zygote | If fertilization does occur, meiosis of the secondary oocyte produces a second polar body and mature fertilized ovum | |
| What 2 processes are involved in bringing 2 gametes together so that fertilization can take place? (define both of these processes) | ||
| Ovulation | Expulsion of the mature ovum from the mature ovarian follicle into the abdominopelvic cavity From there, it enters the uterine or fallopian tubes | |
| Insemination | Expulsion of seminal fluid from the male urethra into the female vagina Capacitation occurs after ejaculation Enables sperm to eventually unite with an egg Several million sperm enter female reproductive tract with each ejaculation of semen Sperm lash | their flagella-like tails to make their way into the external os of the cervix Then go through the cervical canal and uterine cavity, and into the uterine tubes Various processes of the females reproductive tract assist in the movement of sperm |
| Define fertilization | AKA conception After ovulation, ovum enters fallopian tubes – this is where fertilization can take place Sperm cells “swim” up the uterine tubes toward the ovum Sperm cells that enter the vagina must enter and “swim” through the uterus | Must them move out of the uterine cavity and through the uterine tube to meet the ovum |
| Where does fertilization generally take place? | Outer 1/3 of the uterine tubes | |
| In what way does the ovum contribute to the success of fertilization? | ||
| Chemotaxis: | special peptides attract the sperm | |
| Define fertilization membrane and describe its function | Thick film becomes an impenetrable layer | |
| Define embryology | science of development of the individual before birth | |
| Define morula | Once zygote is formed, it immediately begins to cleave, or divide In about 3 days a solid mass of celled called | |
| Define blastocyst | By the time the developing embryo reaches the uterus, it is a hollow ball of cells called a | |
| Know the different structures of the blastocyst | consists of an outer layer of cells and an inner cell mass | |
| Inner cell mass | (yolk sac and amniotic cavity) | |
| Trophoblast | outer wall of blastocyst | |
| Blastocyst cavity | Yolk sac Amniotic cavity | |
| List the main functions of the placenta | Placenta anchors developing offspring to the uterus Provides a “bridge” for the exchange of nutrients and wastes products between mother and baby | |
| Structural “anchor” | ||
| Nutritive bridge | ||
| Excretory, respiratory, and endocrine organ | ||
| What hormone do “early pregnancy” tests detect? | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | |
| hCG | ||
| define gestation period | length of pregnancy (about 39 weeks)Divided into 3 approximately 3-month segments called trimesters 1st trimester extends from 1st day of last menstrual period to end of the 12th week | 2nd trimester extends from 12th to the 28th week of pregnancy 3rd trimester extends from the 28th week of pregnancy until the baby is delivered |
| by the 4 months of pregnancy, all of the organ systems of the baby are formed and functioning to some extent | ||
| define stem cells | Specialized cells that reproduce to form specific lines of specialized cells At beginning of embryonic stage, all cells are stem cells At this stage, they have their highest “stemness” or potency Capable of producing many kinds of cells in the body | |
| define totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent | ||
| cells from embryonic disk form the 3 germ layers | ||
| know 1 structure that each different germ layers eventually forms | ||
| define histogenesis | process by which primary germ layers develop into different kinds of tissues | |
| define organogenesis | process of how tissues arrange themselves into organs | |
| define birth or parturition | ||
| what is the function of oxytocin in birth? | ||
| What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins? | ||
| List the 4 most common postnatal periods | ||
| Infancy | ||
| Childhood | ||
| Adolescence and adulthood | ||
| Older adulthood | ||
| Define the apgar score | ||
| Define puberty | ||
| Define gerontology | ||
| List the causes of aging discussed in class | ||
| Nutrition | ||
| Injury | ||
| Disease | ||
| Environmental factors | ||
| “aging” viruses | ||
| “aging” genes | ||
| Autoimmunity | ||
| Mitochondria lose ability to make ATP | ||
| Free radical formation | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the skeletal system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the muscular system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the integumentary system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the urinary system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the respiratory system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the cardiovascular system during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the special senses during the aging process | ||
| List 1 change that occurs in the reproductive system during the aging process | ||
| List the benefits of aging (the ones I would like for you to know are listed here) | ||
| Less anxiety and hostility | ||
| More control over fear | ||
| Less resistance to happiness | ||
| Accumulation of learning | ||
| Increased wisdom | ||
| Define genotype | ||
| Define phenotype | ||
| Define autosomal chromosomes | ||
| How many pairs of this type of chromosomes do humans have? | ||
| Define sex chromosomes | ||
| How many pairs of this type of chromosomes do humans have? | ||
| Define karyotpe | ||
| Define locus | ||
| Define allele | ||
| Define homozygous and heterozygous | ||
| Define punnett square | ||
| Define genetic recombination | ||
| What are the two types discussed? | ||
| Define ectopic pregnancies and tubal pregnancies | ||
| Define placenta previa | ||
| Define abruptio placentae | ||
| Define pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia | ||
| Define miscarriage and stillbirth | ||
| Define congenital abnormalities and teratogens |
Created by:
coffeecake49
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