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Bio test 4 slut
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Extracellular Fluid | fluid that fills up the space between cells, mostly water but can have nutrients and be use to get rid of cell waste |
| homeostasis | maintaining a balance within body features such as temp, ph levels, and blood sugar |
| set point | point at which homeostasis is at its best, and will return to if changed |
| negative feedback | when sensors detect a change in the environment triggering effectors to send it back. ie staying at room temperature(homeostasis) thermostat(negative feedback) furnace and air conditioner(effectors) |
| effectors | triggered due to changing stimulus in homeostasis |
| regulators | organisms that maintain homeostasis |
| conformers | organisms that change due to external factors ie fish |
| positive feedback | increases or accelerates changes in the bodies homeostasis(usually part of a negative feedback system) ie blood clotting in response to a cut |
| thermoregulation | control of temperature in animals(part of homeostasis) |
| endotherms | animals that produce their own heat ie most mammals and birds |
| ectotherms | animals that get heat from the sun ie invertebrate, fish, reptiles, and amphibians |
| homeotherm | stays at a constant temp( humans) |
| heterotherm | changes temp (lizards + hibernators) |
| how must animals be categorized for thermoregulation? | source of heat and how much it fluctuates |
| four ways to gain heat | conduction,evaporation, radiation, convention |
| Conduction | when two objects of dif temperature touch |
| convention | transfer of heat from a middle man like water or air |
| radiation | transfer of heat without contact of a warmer object to a cooler object |
| evaporation | the loss of heat that happens when water evaporates |
| Behavioral methods of temperature regulation | laying the sun, moving into the shade |
| physiological methods of temperature regulation | panting, sweating, altering blood flow |
| osmoregulation | controlling of water content and solutes in the body, most abundant solutes are K, Cl, Na, Mg, Ca |
| how can animals get water? | drinking, eating food with water, absorbing through osmosis, and by product of cellular respiration |
| how can animals lose water? | peeing, pooping, evaporation, osmosis |
| osmoconformers | maintain and regulate water solutes based on the environment. mostly invertebrates |
| osmoregulators | maintain and regulator water solutes from the inside vertebrates |
| kidney | excretory organ in vertebrates. helps maintains homeostasis |
| Nephron | main part of the kidney, made up of a tuble and a blood vessels use for filtration, reabsorbtion and excretion |
| glomerulus | blood filtering unit of the nepron, a mass of capillaries |
| Bowman's capsule | ball like structure that is connected to a single long urine producing tube that excretes fluid |
| how the kidney works filtration | 1 filtration, blood pressure force water and small molecules out of the capillaries in the glomerulus. the filrate accumulates in the bowmans capsule |
| how the kidney works reabsorbtion | as the the filtrate moves from the bowmans capsule through the long tubule of the nephton most of the water and dissolved solutes are reabsorbed |
| excretion | the collecting duct merges with the collection ducts from other neprons, forming the ureter, which empties into the urinary bladder |
| organization of cell body | cell tissue organ organ systems |
| tissue | formed by groups of cells |
| connective tissue | mass of extracellular material called a matrix |
| epithelial tissue | tissue that covers the body ie skin |
| muscle tissue | made of tissue that can contract |
| nervous tissue | stores and receives electrical information |
| organs | structures with many types of tissue with specialized purpose |
| organ system | involves many organs to work to a cause |
| collagen and elastin | matrix proteins |
| fibroplast | connective tissue, cells that produce and secrete collagen and elastin |
| connective tissue proper | a type of connective tissue that includes fat, tendons and ligaments |
| special connective tissue | bone cartilage and blood |
| cartilage | connective tissue with lots of collagen and elastin |
| blood | made of a matrix of plasma |
| glands | epithelial tissue that secretes for use elsewhere in the body |
| epithelial tissue | protection, keeping fluids foe getting in or out transportation, helps move nutrients secretion, of sweat, saliva mucus |
| exocrine glands | sectretes, earwax, sweat, saliva, etc |
| endocrine glands | produce hormones |
| skeletal muscle | causes most of the movement in the body, muscle attached to bone. controlled by the nervous system |
| smooth muscle | not under conscious control. helps move blood throughout the body |
| cardiac muscle | only in the heart, pumps blood to the body |
| neurons | excitable cell that cause senses made of dendrites, cell body and an axon |
| dendrites | receive info |
| cell body | got dat nucleus |
| axon | projects impulses throughout the body |
| glial cells | nourish neurons |
| central nervous system | includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | includes sensory neurons that detect stimulus |
| immune and lymphatic system | attacks pathogens and other threats to the body, part of circulatory system |
| circulatory system | sends nutrients to tissues |
| endocrine system | regulates hormones in the body |
| integumentary system | creates a barrier between outside and inside an organism. skin hair nails |
| circulatory system for vertebrates main functions | transport, body temp regulation, and protection |
| circulatory system: transport | blood vessels transport O to the lungs/gills, blood vessels take away waste ie CO2, nutrients are transported, hormones are transported |
| circulatory system: body temp regulation | blood vessels closest to the exterior of the body expand or contract to create heat |
| circulatory system: protection | white bloods cells can stop most pathogens and diseases |
| open circulatory system | found in insects and mollusks, has hemolymph |
| hemolymph | transports nutrients gases and waste, and surrounds every cell in the body, |
| closed circulatory system | animals, pumps blood in vessels through out the body |
| capillary | blood vessel that brings blood close enough to cells for diffusion |
| veins | blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart |
| atrium | chamber of the heart that collects blood that is returning from the heart/ rest of the body |
| ventricle | chamber of the heart where blood is pumped to the lungs/rest of the body |
| how many heart chambers do fish have? | 2 atrium ventricle |
| howmany heart chambers do mammals have? | 4 (2 atria 2 ventricle) |
| pulmonary circuit | the flow of blood from the heart to lungs back to the heart with oxygenated blood, blood returning from the heart goes into the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| systemic circuit | flow of blood to the body(not lungs) and back to the heart, returns high in C02 |
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