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BiologyFinal - Gros
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Life | genetic code, reproduction, materials and energy (metabolism), cells, homeostasis, evolve, response, develop and grow |
| Sexually vs. Asexually | 2 parents vs. 1 parent |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water |
| Where does photosynthesis take place? | Thylakoid membrane (dependent) and stroma (independent) |
| what is the function of NADPH? | to transfer hydrogen |
| Cell specialization | each cell has a defined role that helps organisms survive |
| Are viruses alive? | No |
| B-Cell | recognizes an antigen and divides after being activated by a T-cell into a plasma cell and a memory cell |
| Antigen | a tag on a pathogen that says its bad for your body |
| Plasma Cell | makes antibodies and covers pathogens by binding to antigens |
| Eater Cells | will eat the pathogens covered in antibodies |
| Memory Cells | memorize the antigen to recognize it later |
| Robert Hooke | named cells |
| Anton van Leewenhoek | discovered microscope, 1st person to see living cells |
| Mattias Schleiden | plants made of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | animals made of cells |
| Rudolph Virchow | cells come from other cells |
| What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes have no nucleus and eukaryotes do. P are bacteria and E are everything else |
| Base | a PH greater than 7 |
| Covalent | bond that results from sharing electron pairs by 2 or more elements |
| Atom | the smallest particle of an element that still has the element's characteristics |
| H+ ions | the pH scale is a measure of their relative concentration |
| Dehydration Synthesis | putting smaller units together to get bigger molecules by removing water molecules |
| Lipids | aka fats. long term energy storage. M: glycerol + fatty acid chains. P: triglycerides. CHO |
| Saturated fats | have no double bonds |
| unsaturated fats | have a double bond |
| Carbohydrates | M: monosacchoride, immediate energy. P: polysaccharide, long term energy storage. CHO. |
| Proteins | structural and functional units of all living things. CONH. M: amino acids. P: polypeptide |
| Nucleic Acids | store and transmit genetic info. CHOPN. M: nucleotides. P: nucleic acids |
| Monomers | parts of polymers |
| Polymers | made up of many monomers |
| organic | containing carbon |
| inorganic | no carbon |
| buffers | weak acid or base that reacts with strong acids or bases to minimize a sharp change in pH |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Enzymes | functional proteins that play a role in metabolism |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions in a person's body |
| catalyst | a molecule that helps speed up chemical reactions |
| catabolism | reactions that break down macromolecules |
| anabolism | reactions that build up macromolecules |
| Substrate | molecule that's taking part in the reaction |
| denature | lose its shape, can't complete enzymic functions |
| Cell Theory | 1. All living things made of cells. 2 Cells are the basic units for function and structure. 3. all cells come from previous cells |
| Why does an atom become charged? | it gains or loses electrons |
| Polymers of Carbohydrates? | Polysaccharides |
| Polymers of Lipids? | Triglycerides |
| Monomers of Lipids? | Glycerol + fatty acid chains |
| Monomers of proteins? | amino acids |
| Polymers of proteins? | polypeptides |
| Polymers of nucleic acids? | Nucleic acids |
| Monomers of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| What has a functional group called R? | Proteins |
| Hypotonic | the solution has more water and less solutes |
| Hypertonic | the solution has less water and more solutes |
| Isotonic | the solution has equal water and solute |
| Diffusion | random movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Why do atoms bond together to form compounds? | because they want to be stable and have 8 electrons |
| What is the most common type of bond in the human body? | Covalent |
| What is stored in a bond? | Energy |
| What does the pH scale measure? | H+ ions and OH- ions |
| The more H+ ions there are, the more ___ the solution is | acidic |
| Are people organic? | Yes |
| What process puts together monomers to make a polymer? | Dehydration Synthesis |
| In what process do polymers fall apart to make monomers? | Hydrolysis |
| What happens to the enzyme if the pH and/or temperature are too high? | it denatures |
| how do enzymes speed up reactions? | they lower the amount of energy needed to start up reactions |
| Nitrogen Fixation | the conversion of nitrogen gas from air to ammonia |
| What are protein ID tags made out of? | Carbohydrates |
| What are channel proteins? | allow molecules to pass freely, specific to certain molecules |
| Carrier proteins | combine molecules to help them get across membrane |
| Marker proteins | identify specific chemical sequence on outsides of cells, determines blood type |
| Receptor proteins | let specific molecules bind to it, how cells communicate with the outside |
| passive transport | cell doesn't use energy (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) high to low |
| active transport | cell uses energy. (protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis) low to high |
| concentration gradient | different concentrations on both sides of the membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion of specific particles over the membrane using transport proteins |
| transport proteins | specific and only let certain molecules pass through |
| protein pumps | transport proteins that require energy to do work |
| endosytosis | moving large molecules into the cell |
| exocytosis | moving large molecules of waste out of the cell |
| tonicity | the relative solute concentration of two fluids |
| plasmolysis | shrinking of cytoplasm, separation of cell from cell wall |
| turgor pressure | force of water against the cell wall causing certain plants to be rigid |
| ATP | energy currency of the cell |
| Light Dependent Reaction makes | Oxygen |
| Light Independent Reaction makes | Glucose |
| Glycolysis makes | pyruvate |
| Krebs Cycle makes | 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH |
| Electron Transport Chain makes | 36 ATP |
| What happens in the mitochondria? | Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport chain |
| What happens in the cytoplasm? | glycolysis |
Created by:
unknownstudent
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