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Bio189 chap 28
Defense against disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microorganisms that can cause disease | Pathogens |
| Foreign cells have what kind of molecules? | surface |
| What attacks foreign but not self cells? | Internal defenses |
| How many lines of defense are there? | Three |
| What are physical barriers and chemical agents that prevent foreign invaders from getting inside? | human body's first line of defense |
| The body has how many physical barriers? | several |
| What are the three lines of defense? | Internal, External, and Immune |
| What is the first line of defense that is skin, mucous membranes, secretion of skin and mucous membranes? | External barrier |
| What is the second line of defense that is white blood cells, defensive proteins, and the inflammatory response? | Internal defenses |
| What is the third line of defense that is antibodies and Lymphocytes? | Immune system |
| Are external barriers and internal defenses specific or nonspecific? | Nonspecific |
| Is immune system specific or nonspecific? | Specific |
| The lymphatic system is part of what two line defenses? | The second internal defense and third immune system |
| Which line of defense is intact skin, nostril hairs, mucous membranes, and cilia? | External Barriers |
| Chemical defenses are specific or nonspecific? | nonspecific |
| Sweat, saliva, and tears contain what type of chemical? | antimicrobial |
| What are chemical defenses like sweat, saliva, and tears? | External barrier |
| What produces oils and acids in the skin? | Glands |
| Internal defenses depend mostly on what? | white blood cells |
| Other nonspecific internal defenses include what? | proteins |
| What do the proteins do in the second line of defense of internal defenses? | attack microbes directly or impede their reproduction |
| Internal defenses depend on what two components? | White blood cells and defensive proteins |
| What two components come from white blood cells? | Phagocytes and NK cells |
| What two components come from defensive proteins? | Interferons and complement proteins |
| What protects body cells against viral infection? | Interferons |
| What cells destroy infected boys cells and cancerous cells? | NK cells |
| Neutrophils and Macrophages come from what? | Phagocytes |
| The inflammatory response is specific or nonspecific defense? | nonspecific |
| What type of cells does the inflammatory response help? | damaged cells |
| What do damaged cells release in inflammatory response to increase blood flow? | Histamine and prostaglandins |
| What is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system? | to control specific defense systems |
| What does the Lymphatic system also do? | returns tissue fluids to the circulatory system |
| What is the Lymphatic system also known as? | Immune system |
| What consists of a large collection of cells that work together to present a specific response to infection? | Immune system |
| What are foreign substances that elicit an immune response? | Antigens |
| How many different kinds of antigens are there? | Millions |
| What are proteins found in blood plasma that attach to one particular kind of antigen and help counter its effects | Antibodies |
| What happens what the immune system is exposed to the infection a second time? | The immune system remembers the antigen for the infection and reacts more promptly |
| What is the resistance to specific invaders? | Immunity |
| What is usually acquired by natural infection? | Immunity |
| What triggers active immunity, stimulating the body to defend its self? | Vaccinations |
| How is passive immunity acquired? | receiving premade antibodies |
| What are white blood cells found most often in the lymphatic system? | Lymphocytes |
| What are Leukocytes? | White blood cells |
| What do Lymphocytes produce? | immune response |
| What do Lymphocytes originate from? | stem cells in the bone marrow |
| What are the two types of Lymphocytes? | B cells and T cells |
| Which type of lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow? | B cells |
| Which type of lymphocytes become specialized in the thymus? | T cells |
| Which immune response are B cells most active? | Humoral immune response |
| Which immune response are T cells most active? | Cell mediated immune response |
| Which type of lymphocytes secrete antibodies as a form of defense? | B cells in humoral immune resonse |
| Antigens present in the fluids of the body is what immune response? | Humoral immune response |
| Which type of lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph, attacking infected body cells? | T cells in cell-mediated immune response |
| When B and T cells develop, the synthesizing molecules of a specific protein and builds them into what? | the plasma membrane |
| antibodies are produced by what type of lymphocyte? | B cells |
| T cell receptor is what type of lymphocyte? | T cell |
| What are proteins that serve as a molecular weapon of defense? | B cells |
| Each B cell is one type of what? | Antibody |
| What do B cells (antibody)contain in what shape? | four polypeptide chains in a Y shape |
| What two cells make up B cells?(antibodies) | Memory cells and Effector cells (plasma) |
| How long do the antibodies (memory cells) in the plasma live for? | decades |
| What are antibodies in the plasma membrane? | memory cells |
| What produces large amount of antibodies? | Plasma cells |
| How long do plasma cells live for? | two weeks |
| A memory cell turns into what based on the infection? | Plasma cell |
| Does the body constantly synthesize large amounts of all antibodies at all times? | No |
| What is a process by which the immune system can defend against almost an infinite variety of antigens, while maximizing efficiency? | Clonal selection |
| How Which immune response takes several days to produce plasma cells through clonal selection? | Primary |
| Clonal selection also produces what type of cells? | Memory cells |
| Which immune response is used when the same antigen is encountered again? | Secondary |
| Which immune response is faster due to the presence of memory cells? | Secondary |
| When do T cells respond to pathogens? | When pathogens have already entered body cells |
| What are the two main categories of T cells? | Helper and Cytotoxic |
| What type of T cell binds to other white blood cells that have previously encountered an antigen? | Helper T cells |
| A helper t cell is activated by the binding of what? | a T cell receptor and a self-nonself complex |
| Which T cells kill other cells? | Cytotoxic |
| What has abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the environment? | Allergies |
| What are antigens that cause allergies? | Allergens |
| The symptoms of an allergy result from what sequence? | Two stage reaction sequence |
| What is an especially dangerous type of allergic reaction that can be counteracted with injections of epinephrine? | Anaphylactic shock |
| The bodys immune system normally reacts against self or nonself substances? | nonself (foreign) |
| What disease does the immune system turn against the body's own molecules? | Autoimmune Disease |
| What disease is when you lack immune components and infections occur and are usually from inborn conditions or from disease? | Immunodeficiency |
| Leukemia is what type of cancer? | Immunodeficiency |
| What is wrong with the white blood cell in Leukemia? | higher amount but majority of them don't work |
| What is the treatment for Leukemia? | destruction of the red bone marrow and replacement of those cells |
| Aids kills how many people a year? | Aids |
| What attacks helper T cells, crippling both humoral and cell-mediated immunity? | HIV and Aids |
Created by:
paige883
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