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Ch 35 -
Exam 4: The Biosphere
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the thin layer of water, land and air inhabited by living organisms | biosphere |
| The largest units of the biosphere and these are primarily defined by climate; (rainfall and temperature) | biomes |
| biomes are also influenced by...; biomes change with... | topographical features (rain shadows); latitude and altitude |
| Annual rainfall : 20 cm (8 in.) but melting snow and ice and little evaporation make water plentiful | Tundra |
| [Tundra] Only the top few inches of soil thaws. Beneath this is the... | permafrost - a permanently frozen soil layer |
| [Tundra] Plants: No trees because... | Season too short; Roots can’t penetrate the permafrost |
| [Tundra] 3 types of plants: | grasses, wildflowers, mosses |
| [Tundra] Animals: Mainly animals... Some... | Mainly animals migrate in and out (reindeer). Some live under the snow (lemmings) |
| cold winter and cool summer. Annual rainfall = 40 - 100 cm | Coniferous Forests/Taiga |
| [Coniferous Forests] Plants: Coniferous trees needle-like leaves withstand... | weight of snow |
| [Coniferous Forests/Taiga] Plants: _____ soils; limited _____... | Acidic soils; Limited understory, but forest floor is covered with low lying mosses and lichens |
| [Coniferous Forests/Taiga] Taiga means _____ | swampland |
| [Coniferous Forests/Taiga] Animals: | moose |
| [Coniferous Forests/Taiga] _____ - along coastal range from western Canada down through the U.S. | Temperate rain forests; Coniferous, with much higher rainfall, very tall trees |
| Annual rainfall 75 - 150 cm. Temperature is moderate, deciduous trees (loose their leaves in winter) | Temperate Deciduous Forests |
| [Temperate Deciduous Forests] well developed...; stratification...; soil... | Well developed canopy; understory, shrub layer, and herbaceous layer; This stratification provides a variety of habitats for different animals; Soils are very productive |
| Annual rainfall over 190 cm. Temperature 20o - 25o C | Tropical Rain Forests |
| [Tropical Rain Forests] Plants: canopy...; epiphytes...; area... | Canopy of broadleaf evergreen trees; epiphytes - plants that grow on other trees but are not parasites; A 10 km2 area = 750 species of trees and 1,500 species of flowering plants |
| [Tropical Rain Forests] Animals: mostly in | trees |
| [Tropical Rain Forests] Light: | good up high but very poor down low |
| [Tropical Rain Forests] Soil: | poor; very little biomass makes it into the soil. Nutrients are cycled directly from the litter to the plant -Therefore poor for agriculture, use stash and burn – ash from burned trees fertilize for very short time |
| [Scrubland] Sagebrush communities – | west of Rocky Mts – Sagebrush grouse, Pronghorn Antelope and tumbleweeds |
| [Scrubland] Chaparral | Wet winter but dry Summer (e.g. California) |
| [Scrubland] Fire ecology: | Thick underground roots survive frequent fires; Seeds of many species need fire scarring to germinate |
| Annual rainfall = 25-40 cm. Insufficient to support trees | Grasslands |
| [Grasslands] Cool dry season, hot rainy season (e.g. Africa) | Savanna |
| [Grasslands] prairies of North America | Temperate grasslands |
| [Grasslands] Most have been converted to... | farming because of very fertile soils |
| [Grasslands] Plants: _____ grass prairie...; _____ grass prairie... | tall grass prairie – wetter, Northern; short grass prairie – drier, Southern |
| [Grasslands] Animals: large...; large... | grazing mammal; predators |
| Annual rainfall < 25 cm (10 in.) | Deserts |
| [Deserts] Winds in these areas lack moisture causing: | hot days because of lack of cloud cover allows sun’s rays to penetrate easily; cold nights because heat escapes easily |
| [Deserts] Plants: Succulent plants such as _____ | cacti |
| [Deserts] Animals: 3... | Reptiles and insects are numerous because can conserve water; Rodents - like the kangaroo rat can obtain all their water needs from the food they eat; Running birds like |
| classified as freshwater or saltwater - | aquatic communities |
| [Freshwater] ...vs... | lakes and ponds vs. rivers and streams |
| [Freshwater] oxygen in lakes/ponds... rivers/streams... | in lakes/ponds...good at surface; rivers/streams...good throughout |
| [Freshwater] food in lakes/ponds... rivers/streams... | in lakes/ponds...good throughout; rivers/streams...limited |
| [Freshwater] sunlight in lakes/ponds... rivers/streams... | in lakes/ponds...good surface; rivers/streams...good throughout |
| [Freshwater] nutrient poor lakes (low productivity) - | Oligotrophic lakes |
| [Freshwater] nutrient rich (high productivity) - | Eutrophic lakes |
| [Freshwater] oligotrophic lakes become eutrophic lakes through large inputs of nutrients. Often caused by man - | Eutrophication |
| freshwater meets saltwater. Usually marshy - High nutrition | Estuaries |
| [Estuaries] over...develop in estuaries | half of all marine fish |
| [Estuaries] feeding grounds for... | many birds, fish and shellfish |
| [Oceans] open waters | Pelagic |
| [Oceans] upper layer: Sunlight zone, so very productive, but not as productive as near shore areas because low nutrient levels | Epipelagic |
| [Oceans] middle layer: Light absent, luminescent organisms | Mesolagic |
| [Oceans] lower layer: Almost complete darkness | Bathylagic |
| [Oceans] Abyssal zone: | Complete darkness; Animals inhabit the soil-water interphase; Extreme cold and intense pressure |
Created by:
chelsea_2010
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