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A&P 2 Digestive
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Digestion | chemical and mechanical breakdown of food (fuel source) to an absorbable form (nutrients) used for energy and growth |
| 3 processes of digestive system | ingestion, digestion, egestion |
| 4 layers of small intestines | mucosa, submucosa, muscalaris, serous membrane |
| Type of epithelium in small intestines | simple columnar with brush border (micro-villi) with goblet cells |
| What are part of the sub-mucosa of the sm intestines? | connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, lymph nodules, receptors |
| What are the 2 layers of the muscularis? | 1) inner circular smooth muscle layer 2) longitudinal smooth muscle |
| What is the serous membrane? | visceral peritoneum (serosa) |
| List the digestive pathway. | Moth (oral/buccal cavity), esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus |
| What are the parts of the mouth? | hard/soft palate, tongue, teeth, gingivial (gum), duct openings of salivary glands |
| What are the 3 salivary glands? | parotids, sublingual, submandibulus |
| What are the 3 functions of the salivary glands? | 1) moisten food 2) lysozymes (antibacterial) 3) enzymes - amylase (ptyalin), small amt of lipase (lingual) |
| What is the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach? | Lower Esophageal Sphicter (gastro-esophageal s. or cardiac s.) |
| What is the sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines? | Pyloric s. |
| What are the two parts of the stomach? | fundus (sac like), and corpus (body) |
| What are the three parts of the small intestines? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The duodenum receives secretions from where? | liver and gall bladder, pancreas |
| What is the sphincter between the small intestines and the large intestines? | ileocecal sphincter |
| What are the different parts of the large intestines (colon)? | Ascending c. (R), transverse c., descending c. (L), sigmoid c. |
| What are the monosaccharides? | glucose, galactose, fructose |
| What are the disaccharides? | maltose, sucrose, lactose |
| Whare are the polysaccharides? | starches, glycogen |
| What is the scientific word for swallowing? | deglutition |
| What is the net wave-like movement of food down the esophagus called? | peristalsis - both segmental and longitudinal |
| What is gastric juice composed of? | H20, HCl (pH 1-3), IF, zymogens(pepsinogen, pro-rennin), small amount of lipase, hormone gastrin |
| How does pepsinogen get converted to pepsin? | HCl in stomach |
| What does renninogen do? | Rennin (active form) converts casein to calcium paracaseinate (curd) and whey (liq + sugars) |
| What secretes HCl? | By the parietal cells of gastric mucosa |
| What does gastrin do and where is it secreted? | Gastrin stimulates HCl to be produced by parietal cells, gastrin is secreted in the stomach and duodenum. |
| What is the gastrin - HCL feedback system? | negative feedback syst |
| What is food leaving mouth called? What is food leaving stomach called? | bolus chyme |
| What monosaccharides make up maltose? | glucose and glucose |
| What monosaccharides make up lactose? | glucose and galactose (conv. to glucose) |
| What monosaccharides make up sucrose? | glucose and fructose |
| What are exocrine glands? | They excrete through ducts. |
| What do endocrine glands excrete into? | Into the bloodstream. |
| What is in pancreatic juice? | NaHCO2 - sodium bicarbonate Enzymes |
| What does sodium bicarbonate do? | NaHCO2 neutralize acid in chyme |
| What enzymes are in pancreatic juice? | amylase, lipase, protease, RNase, DNase, nucleotidases basically everything! |
| What proteases are in pancreatic juice? | chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidases |
| What do the chief cells in the stomach secrete? | pepsin to break down protein into polypeptides |
| Describe the breakdown of complex proteins in the digestive system. | Protein (Pepsin-stomach, trypsin-duodenum) Peptides (pancreatic proteases-duodenum) AA |
| Describe the breakdown of carbohydrates in the digestive system. | polysaccharides (salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase) disaccharides (disaccharidases - pancreas) monosaccharides |
| Describe the breakdown of fats in the digestive system. | Bile salts emulsifies fat into triglyceride droplets fats (lipase in mouth, pancreas) |
| Where does reabsorption of water take place? | Large intestines |
| Purines and pyramidines | AG, CT |
| What is atherosclerosis and what causes it? | fatty plaques in vessels - caused by LDL, smaller diameter, lower elasticity, lower bloodflow, |
| What does HDL do? | HDL stimulates removal of LDL. |
| What does fats/lipids do in the body - 4? | 1) energy storage 2) store fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) 3) steroid hormones (androgen, estrogen) 4) cushion and insulate organs |
| Where does the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct meet? | ampulla of vater |
| Which two ducts become the common bile duct? | cystic duct and hepatic duct |
| Which duct leaves the liver and which leaves the pancreas? | hepatic duct and pancreatic duct |
| What kind of tissue consists the pancreas, exocrine or endocrine? | It's heterocrine, contains both types of tissues. |
| What sphincter control the release of bile into the duodenum? | sphincter of oddi |
| What does the bile consist of? | water, bile salts, pigments from hb (bilurubin), fats/cholesterol |
| What are one type of gall stones? | collection of bile salts, also called cholelithiasis. |
| Definition of metabolism. | sum of all chemical reactions in the body that store or release energy |
| What are the two phases of metabolism? | anabolism - molecules built, energy required catabolism - molecules broken down, energy released |
| What are metabolic pathways? | sequences of related anab and catab rxn's that are energetically coupled. |
| What are some metabolic pathways? | glycolysis, kreb's cycle, ETS |
| What are some functions of the liver? | 1) regulate glucose levels, 2)store nutrients and minerals, 3) synthesis of blood proteins, 4)detoxifies waste, 5)immunity |
| What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose level? | 60-100mg/dL |
| glycogenesis | conversion of glucose to glycogen, stimulated by insulin, in the liver and skeletal muscles |
| glycogenolysis | conversion of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon |
| glycolysis | conversion of 6C glucose into 2-2C pyruvic acid |
| glyconeogenesis | conversion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, into glucose |
| What are the end results of the krebs cycle? | 2 ATP, 6 NADH2, 2FADH2 |
| How many ATP are generated from aerobic respiration? | 36-38 |
| Which vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver? | A, D, E, K - fat soluble, B12 - water soluble |
| Which blood proteins are synthesized by the liver? | albumin, clotting factors, carrier proteins |
| What is the main nitrogenous waste and what compound was it converted from? | Urea, from ammonia NH3, from amino acids |
| How does the liver function in immunity? | It has Kupffer cells, macrophages, which remove bacteria from blood |
| What is one way of detecting pancratitis? | measure if amylase (nonspecific) and lipase in blood are elevated |
| What is the treatment after a pancreatectomy | take enzymes before eating |
| hormones that affects digestion = 5 | gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin CCK, ghrelin, leptin |
| gastrin | stomach and duodenum, stim HCl secretion, motility |
| secretin | duod, stimulate production of NaHCO3 for high acid chyme |
| CCK | duod, stimulates contraction of gall bladder to digest fat |
| ghrelin | stom, stimulates appetite |
| leptin | secreted by adipocytes, lowers appetite |
| What hormones(3) do the islets of langerhans secrete and what kind of tissue is it? | Endocrine tissue, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (GH-IH: growth hormone, inhibiting hormone) |
| symptoms of diabetes | polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia |
| through what proteins does insulin stimulate glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis | GluT, glucose transport proteins |
| type I d.m. | autoimmune destruction of beta cells of islets of langerhans insulin therapy and low carb diet |
| type II d.m. | insulin resistance |
| HbA1C | glycosylated, glycated hb, glucose binds to hb |
| gout | inability to process purines(AG), uric acid builds in blood, crystals form in joints, kidneys (stones), |
| pseudogout | bld up of ca++ phosphate crystals in synovial fluid |
| calorie | amt of heat required to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1C, C = 1000x |
| vitamins synthesized in the body? | D, B12, K |
| skin steroids precursors to vit D | ergosterol, cholecalciferol |
| where is vit D converted to its more active form | kidneys, and some in liver |
| What is needed for Ca absorption in intestines? | vit D and PTH |
| What happens when a child or adult is vit D deficient? | Ricket's in children - soft and malformed bones Osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults |
| vit A | carotenoid, rhodopsin formation, anti-ox, growth factor def - night blindness |
| vit K | final synthesis in liver of II, VII, IX, X def - bleeding green vegetables |
| what are the water soluble vitamins? | B complex, C |
| vit C function, def, excess | collagen synthesis - subcutaneous tissue, ligaments, joints, tendons, vessel walls scurvy - swollen joints, teeth loss, pain excess - kidney stones |
| Folic acid def | neural tube defects, raised levels of homocystein in adults causes cardiovascular disease |
| def B12 | macrocytic anemia |
| def IF | pernicious anemia |
| B1, B2, B6 | thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine coenzymes in metab |
| PTH def | low Ca++ in blood, skeletal muscular contractions (hypocalcemic tetany) |
| function of PTH | absorption of Ca in intestines, helps kidney retain ca and excrete phosphorus, maintenance of blood ca |
| What is calcitonin and where is it secreted? | lowers blood ca, from parafollicular cells of thyroid |
| T3, T4 | tri-iodo thyronine (potent), tetra-iodo thyronin/thyroxine (more of) stimulate O2 util and catabolism |
| hypothyroidism | sluggish, cold, low BP, low HR, edema, hair loss, weight gain, depression |
| Hyperthyroidism | restlessness, intol to heat, high bp, high hr, dehydration, depression, wt loss |
| Hashimoto's disease Grave's disease | autoimmune, inhibitory ab, hypothyroid, need TSH supplement autoimmune, excitatory ab to TSH receptors, hyperthyroid, antithyroid drugs, surgery, radiation |
| What is the site of the most absorption? | ileum |
| What is the site of the most digestion? | duodenum |
Created by:
jenbolaya
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