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Geo Test 3
Geology test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mud -> | Shale |
| Mud->Shale-> | Slate (metamorphic rock) |
| Increased in density Change in grain size (usually increase) Recrientation of material Formation of new minerals | Changes in rocks through Metamorphism |
| Slate | foliated |
| Gneiss | foliated |
| Marble | nonfoliated |
| Quartzite | nonfoliated |
| Thermal/Contact metamorphism | (NonFoliated)- heating of rocks near a molten igneous body(magma chamber)... no direct pressure. (limestone->marble)&(quartz sanstone->Quartzite) |
| Hydrothermal Metamorphism | hot ion rich water circulates through the rock causing chemical changes (mid ocean spreading ridges) |
| Burial & Subduction Zone Metamorphism | deep sedimentary basins subduction zone metamorphism in subduction zones. (increase in density) |
| Regional Metamorphism | continent-continent collisions.. mountain building, folded metamorphic rocks and foliation |
| Impact Metamorphism | meteontic impacc causes pressures and high temps. |
| Foliated | Slate and Gneiss |
| Nonfoliated | Marble and Quartzite |
| Parent rock of Slate | shale, mudstone, or silstone |
| Parent rock of Gneiss | Shale, granite, or volcanic rocks |
| Parent rock of Marble | Limestone |
| Parent rock of Quartzite | Quartz sandstone |
| Low-grade metamorphism | slight changes... ex. shale->slate |
| High-grade metamorphism | Dramatic substantial changes ex. shale->slate->gneiss |
| What drives metamorphism? | 1.Heat- higher temps more metamorph.. deeper in earth the hotter 2.Pressure and differential stresses 3.Chemically active fluids- water with other volatiles, aids in recrystalization, mid-ocean spreading ridges |
| Foliated | layered orientation of grains in the rock... rocks slit along layers.. formed by direct pressure, found in Slate and Gneiss |
| Nonfoliated | grains are randomly oriented.. found near a magma chamber.. Quartzite and Marble |
| Porphyroblastic | small # of large crystals in many small grains |
| Relative Dating | superposition, horizontal arrangment, and cross cutting |
| Youngest rocks on top | Principle of superposition |
| Sediment layers usually deposit horizontally(unless acted upon by tectonic processes) | Principle of horizontality |
| younger features cut across older features | Principle of cross-cutting relationships |
| layers are eroded away and new layers begin | Angular uncomformity |
| Hard to see, caused by a break in deposition and erosion | Disconformity |
| Metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks in contact with sediment layers | Nonconformity |
| Absolute Dating | works well with igneous rocks bc you can date them. |
| Radioactivity | spontanious decay of unstable atomic nuclei |
| Half-Life | the time required for half of it a radioactive isotope to decay |
| associated with convergent plate boundaries ( -><-) shorten and thicken crust... mountain formations | Compressional stresses |
| Divergent plate boundaries(<- ->) lengthen and thin the crust... continental rifts and/or continental break up | Tensional stresses |
| Thansform plate boundaries (//) displacement along fault zone | Shear Stresses |
| Brittle deformation | close to the surface...pressures and temps are low... faults |
| Ductile deformation | greater depth... pressures and temps are high...folds |
| Normal faults | Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. (divergent/tensional)(mid ocean spreading ridges) SAN ANDREAS |
| Reverse faults | Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.. (convergent/compressional) thrust fault |
| Strike-Slip faults | displacement is horizontal and parrallel to the strike of the fault(transform/shear) SAN ANDREAS |
| Folds | compressional stresses.. rock deforms without breaking... |
| Anticlines | upper part of the fold |
| Synclines | lower part of fold |
| Source of the Earthquake is found | the focus or hypocenter |
| Epicenter | the location on earths surface directly above the focus of an Earthquake |
| Seismograms | records seismic waves |
| waves that travel through the earth | Body Waves |
| Primary Waves (p waves) | arrive first at the seismograph (travel fast) |
| Secondary waves(s waves) | arrive second at the seismograph ... travels slow... will never reach opposite end of the earth. |
| Surface waves | travel along the surface (slowest traveling wave) |
| D" Layer | Bottom layer of the mantle |
| Passive Continental Margins | result from continental rifting into continental breakup (ATLANTIC OCEAN) |
| Active Continental Margins | Subduction zones (PACIFIC OCEAN) |
| Supercontinent before Pangaea about 750 million years ago | Rodinia |
| cycle of continents breakup and assembledge of a new supercontinent | Wilson Cycle |
| E.I.M.D.R.S. | Embryonic.Immature.Mature.Declingin.Remnant. Suture. |
| Embryonic | depostion into rift vallies.. E AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY |
| Immature | creates new ocean crust RED SEA |
| Mature | continental margin continues to grow erosion of the continent ATLANTIC OCEAN |
| Declining | closing of the ocean PACIFIC OCEAN |
| Remnant | remnant ocean reamining MEDITERRANEAN OCEAN |
| Suture | continents collide to form mtns HIMALAYAN MTNS |
Created by:
beakens92
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