Filament that makes up cytoskeleton, smallest (example is microvilli in intestinal epithelial cells)

Intermediate filament

Strongest filament that dictates strength of cell (example is desmosome that attach intermediate filaments from one cell to another)

Thickest filament that is hollow and makes up transportation system inside the cell

Made up of small protein subunits that are soluble, unstable and can be manipulated. Arrange in a ropelike structure to produce strength

Single protofilaments are easier to break than multiple protofilaments which are more stable (multiple filaments coiled around one another)

Cytoskeleton and signals

Cytoskeleton can reshape rapidly to disassemble and move to a nutrient rich source

Microtubule subunit, protein that has two different parts of a two part subunit. (Alpha and Beta tubulin makes a heterodimer). Binds GTP or GDP

Dimers interact, stack on top of one another. Beta exposed at the + end and Alpha exposed at the - end. Makes a helical type structure with an empty lumen (pipe)

Microtubules preferentially grow at + end, is dynamic. - end is relatively stable. MICROTUBULES ARE DYNAMICALLY UNSTABLE. example: spindles in mitosis and centrosomes

Determines if microtubule grows, end subunit will have GTP cap=growth. If GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, microtubule will shrink

Gain of GTP cap after shrinking

thinnest filament that gives cell shape and movement, located right underneath cell membrane (scaffolding). Alpha actin subunit makes up both + and - ends. Subunit binds ATP or ADP.

Rate limiting step in filament growth because it is the slowest step to start. More subunits yields faster growth. It is easier to break down filaments that already have nucleases and cause each piece to grow rapidly.

Intermediate filaments

Provide cell strength, have many different subunits, most rope-like of all filaments (coil around one another). Can withstand high levels of deforming force (microtubules most weak, actin middle strength)

Exist in epithelial cells, keratin genes can mutate and cause blistering (intermediate filaments are weak and cells rupture between nucleus and hemidesmosomes)

Vertebrates vs. Eukaryotes

Vertebrates have intermediate filaments, Eukaryotes have microtubules and actin filaments

Tubulin polymerization

Nucleated by gamma tubulin ring

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Cell/Molec III

Third Exam Material Cellular and Molecular Biology

Question	Answer
Cytoskeleton	Dictates the shape of a cell
Actin	Filament that makes up cytoskeleton, smallest (example is microvilli in intestinal epithelial cells)
Intermediate filament	Strongest filament that dictates strength of cell (example is desmosome that attach intermediate filaments from one cell to another)
Microtubules	Thickest filament that is hollow and makes up transportation system inside the cell
Filaments	Made up of small protein subunits that are soluble, unstable and can be manipulated. Arrange in a ropelike structure to produce strength
Protofilaments	Single protofilaments are easier to break than multiple protofilaments which are more stable (multiple filaments coiled around one another)
Cytoskeleton and signals	Cytoskeleton can reshape rapidly to disassemble and move to a nutrient rich source
Tubulin Heterodimer	Microtubule subunit, protein that has two different parts of a two part subunit. (Alpha and Beta tubulin makes a heterodimer). Binds GTP or GDP
Alpha and Beta Dimer	Dimers interact, stack on top of one another. Beta exposed at the + end and Alpha exposed at the - end. Makes a helical type structure with an empty lumen (pipe)
Microtubule growth	Microtubules preferentially grow at + end, is dynamic. - end is relatively stable. MICROTUBULES ARE DYNAMICALLY UNSTABLE. example: spindles in mitosis and centrosomes
GTP cap	Determines if microtubule grows, end subunit will have GTP cap=growth. If GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, microtubule will shrink
Catastrophe	Accidental loss of GTP cap
Rescue	Gain of GTP cap after shrinking
Actin	thinnest filament that gives cell shape and movement, located right underneath cell membrane (scaffolding). Alpha actin subunit makes up both + and - ends. Subunit binds ATP or ADP.
Nucleation	Rate limiting step in filament growth because it is the slowest step to start. More subunits yields faster growth. It is easier to break down filaments that already have nucleases and cause each piece to grow rapidly.
Intermediate filaments	Provide cell strength, have many different subunits, most rope-like of all filaments (coil around one another). Can withstand high levels of deforming force (microtubules most weak, actin middle strength)
Keratin filaments	Exist in epithelial cells, keratin genes can mutate and cause blistering (intermediate filaments are weak and cells rupture between nucleus and hemidesmosomes)
Vertebrates vs. Eukaryotes	Vertebrates have intermediate filaments, Eukaryotes have microtubules and actin filaments
Tubulin polymerization	Nucleated by gamma tubulin ring

Created by: jgk25

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