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nurs 140 ch 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aorta | largest artery in the body |
| arteriole | small artery |
| artery | largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with an "a." |
| atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. |
| atrioventricular node (AV) | specialized tissue in teh wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles |
| atrium | one of two upper chambers of the heart |
| capillary | smallest blood vessel. materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls |
| carbon dioxide (CO2) | gas waste released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation |
| coronary arteries | blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle |
| deoxygenated blood | blood that is oxygen-poor. |
| diastole | relaxation phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek diastole, dilation |
| electrocardiogram | record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T. |
| endocardium | inner lining of the heart |
| endothelium | innermost lining of the blood vessels |
| mitral wave | valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve |
| murmur | abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves |
| myocardium | muscular, middle layer of the heart |
| normal sinus rhythm | heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute |
| oxygen | gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body parts |
| pacemaker (sinoatrial node) | specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artifical cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning. |
| pericardium | double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. |
| pulmonary artery | artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart |
| pulmonary valve | valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| pulmonary vein | one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart |
| pulse | beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
| septum | partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum) |
| sinoatrial node (SA node) | pacemaker of the heart |
| sphygmomanometer | instrument to measure blood pressure |
| systematic circulation | flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues |
| systole | contraction phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek systole, a contracting |
| tricuspid valve | located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has three leaflets, cusps |
| valve | structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction |
| vein | thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins ocntain valves to prevent backflow of blood |
| vena cava | largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart |
| ventricle | one of two lower chambers of the heart |
| venule | small vein |
| angi/o | vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arter/o, arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | yellowish plaque, fatty substance (Greek athere means porridge) |
| atri/o | atrium, upper heart chamber |
| brachi/o | arm |
| cardi/o | heart |
| cholesterol/o | cholesterol (a lipid substance) |
| coron/o | heart |
| cyan/o | blue |
| myx/o | mucus |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| pericardi/o | pericardium |
| phleb/o | vein |
| rrhythm/o | rhythm |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| steth/o | chest |
| thromb/o | clot |
| valvul/o, valv/o | valve |
| vas/o | vessel |
| vascul/o | vessel |
| ven/o, ven/i | vein |
| ventricul/o | ventricle, lower heart chamber |
| arrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias) |
| bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block) | failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the AV bundle of His |
| flutter | rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria |
| fibrillation | very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute) |
| congenital heart disease | abnormalities in the heart at birth |
| coarctation of the aorta (CoA) | narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta |
| patent ductus arteriosus | passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth |
| septal defects | small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects) |
| tetralogy of Fallot | congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects |
| congestive heart failure | heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | disease of the arteries surrounding the heart |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
| hypertensive heart disease | high blood pressure affecting the heart |
| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | improper closure of the mitral valve |
| murmur | extra heart sound, heard between normal beats |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart |
| rheumatic heart disease | heart disease caused by rheumatic fever |
| aneurysm | local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb |
| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure |
| peripheral arterial disease (PAD) | blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs |
| Raynaud disease | recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes |
| varicose veins | abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs |
| acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) | unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries |
| angina (pectoris) | chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death. |
| auscultation | listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope |
| beta-blocker | drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart |
| biventricular pacemaker | device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart |
| bruit | abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ |
| calcium channel blocker | drug used to treat angina and hypertension. dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels |
| cardiac arrest | sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death |
| cardiac tamponade | pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space |
| claudication | pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest |
| digoxin | drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat |
| embolus | clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel |
| infarction | area of dead tissue |
| nitrates | drugs used in the treatment of angina. dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue |
| nitroglycerin | nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina |
| occlusion | closure of a blood vessel due to blockage |
| palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) |
| patent | open |
| pericardial friction rub | scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis |
| petechiae | small, pinpoint hemorrhages |
| statins | drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream |
| thrill | vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery) |
| vegetations | clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves |
| BNP test | measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood |
| cardiac biomakers | chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack |
| lipid tests (lipid profile) | measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample |
| lipoprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample |
| angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material |
| computed tomography angiography (CTA) | three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) |
| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels |
| electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT) | electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD |
| Doppler ultrasound studies | sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels |
| echocardiography | echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose |
| technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan | technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning |
| thallium 201 can | concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle |
| cardiac MRI | images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field |
| cardiac catheterization | thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery |
| electrocardiography (ECG) | recording of electricity flowing through the heart |
| Holter monitoring | an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
| stress test | exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress) |
| catheter ablation | brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias |
| coronary artery bypass | arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages |
| defibrillation | brief discharges of electricity are appled across the chest to stop dysrrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation) |
| endarterectomy | surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
| extracorporeal circulation | heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired |
| heart transplantation | a donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
| percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place |
| thrombolytic therapy | drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis. |
Created by:
pammy7130
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