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Test #4 - 16
Chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adaptive defenses | Host defenses that produce resistance by responding to particular antigens, such as viruses and pathogenic bacteria |
| innate defenses | Nonspecific host defenses that act against any type of invading agent. They include physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses, inflammation, fever, and molecular defenses |
| Physical barriers | The skin and mucous membranes and the chemicals they secrete. |
| Chemical barriers | Antimicrobial substances in body fluids such as saliva, mucus, gastric juices, and the iron limitation mechanisms. |
| Cellular defenses | Consisting of certain cells that engulf (phagocytize) invading microorganisms. |
| Inflammation | The reddening, swelling, and temperature increases in tissues at sites of infection. |
| Fever | The elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents and/or inactivate their toxic products. |
| Molecular defenses | Such as interferon and complement, that destroy or impede invading microbes. |
| mucous membrane | (also called mucosa) A covering over those tissues and organs of the body cavity that are exposed to the exterior |
| plasma | Liquid portion of the blood, excluding the formed elements |
| formed elements | Cells and cell fragments comprising about 40% of the blood |
| erythrocytes | A red blood cell |
| platelets | A short-lived fragment of large cells called megakaryocytes, important component of the blood-clotting mechanism |
| leukocytes | A white blood cell |
| Granulocytes | A leukocyte (basophil, mast cell, eosinophil, neutrophil) with granular cytoplasm and irregularly shaped, lobed nuclei |
| Basophils | A leukocyte that migrates into tissues and helps initiate the inflammatory response by secreting histamine |
| Eosinophils | A leukocyte present in large numbers during allergic reactions and worm infections |
| Neutrophils | (also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMNL) A phagocytic leukocyte |
| Dendritic cells | Cells with long membrane extensions that resemble the dendrites of nerve cells |
| Agranulocyte | A leukocyte (monocyte or lymphocyte) that lacks granules in the cytoplasm and has rounded nuclei |
| Monocytes | A ravenously phagocytic leukocyte, called a macrophage after it migrates into tissues |
| lymphocytes | A leukocyte (white blood cell) found in large numbers in lymphoid tissues that contribute to specific immunity |
| Phagocytes | A cell that ingests and digests foreign particles |
| phagocytosis | Ingestion of solids into cells by means of the formation of vacuoles |
| toll-like receptors (TLRs) | Molecules on phagocytes that recognize pathogens |
| cytokines | One of a diverse group of soluble proteins that have specific roles in host defenses |
| Chemokines | A class of cytokines that attract additional phagocytes to the site of the infection |
| chemotaxis | A nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical |
| adherence | The attachment of a microorganism to a host's cell surface |
| phagosome | A vacuole that forms around a microbe within the phagocyte that engulfed it |
| phagolysosome | A structure resulting from the fusion of lysosomes and a phagosome |
| leukocidin | An exotoxin produced by many bacteria, including the streptococci and staphylococci, that kills phagocytes |
| streptolysin | Toxin produced by streptococci that kills phagocytes |
| natural killer (NK) cells | A lymphocyte that can destroy virus-infected cells, malignant tumor cells, and cells of transplanted tissues |
| lymphatic system | Body system, closely associated with the cardiovascular system, that transports lymph in lymphatic vessels through body tissues and organs; performs important functions in host defenses and specific immunity |
| lymph | The excess fluid and plasma proteins lost through capillary walls that is found in the lymphatic capillaries |
| lymphatic vessels | Vessel that returns lymph to the blood circulatory system |
| lymph nodes | An encapsulated globular structure located along the routes of the lymphatic vessels that helps clear the lymph of microorganisms |
| capsule | (1) A protective structure outside the cell wall, secreted by the organism. (2) A network of connective fibers covering organs such as the lymph nodes |
| sinuses | A large passageway in tissues, lined with phagocytic cells |
| thymus gland | Multilobed lymphatic organ located beneath the sternum that processes lymphocytes into T cells |
| spleen | The largest lymphatic organ; acts as a blood filter |
| lymphoid nodules | A small, unencapsulated aggregation of lymphatic tissue that develops in many tissues called the gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT); they are the body's main sites of antibody production |
| gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) | Collective name for the tissues of lymphoid nodules, especially those in the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts; main site of antibody production |
| Inflammation | The body's defensive response to tissue damage caused by microbial infection |
| acute inflammation | The relatively short duration of inflammation during which time host defenses destroy invading microbes and repair tissue damage |
| Histamine | Amine released by basophils and tissues in allergic reactions |
| vasodilation | Dilation of the capillary and venule walls during an acute inflammation |
| edema | An accumulation of fluid in tissues that causes swelling |
| antihistamines | Drug that alleviates symptoms caused by histamine |
| bradykinin | Small peptide thought to cause the pain associated with tissue injury |
| prostaglandins | A reaction mediator that acts as a cellular regulator, often intensifying pain |
| leukocytosis | An increase in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) circulating in the blood |
| diapedesis | The process in which leukocytes pass out of blood into inflamed tissues by squeezing between cells of capillary walls |
| pus | Fluid formed by the accumulation of dead phagocytes, the materials they have ingested, and tissue debris |
| abscess | An accumulation of pus in a cavity hollowed out by tissue damage |
| fibroblasts | A new connective tissue cell that replaces fibrin as a blood clot dissolves, forming granulation tissue |
| granulation tissue | Fragile, reddish, grainy tissue made up of capillaries and fibroblasts that appears with the healing of an injury |
| chronic inflammation | A condition in which there is a persistent, indecisive standoff between an inflammatory agent and the phagocytic cells and other host defenses attempting to destroy it |
| granulomatous inflammation | A special kind of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of granulomas |
| granuloma | In a chronic inflammation, a collection of epithelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and collagen fibers |
| pyrogen | A substance that acts on the hypothalamus to set the body's “thermostat” to a higher-than-normal temperature |
| Exogenous pyrogens | Exotoxins and endotoxins from infectious agents that cause fever by stimulating the release of an endogenous pyrogen |
| endogenous pyrogen | Pyrogen secreted mainly by monocytes and macrophages that circulates to the hypothalamus and causes an increase in body temperature |
| leukocyte-endogenous mediator (LEM) | A substance that helps raise the body temperature while decreasing iron absorption (increasing iron storage) |
| interferon | A small protein often released from virus-infected cells that binds to adjacent uninfected cells, causing them to produce antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication |
| antiviral proteins | A protein induced by interferon that interferes with the replication of viruses |
| Complement | (also called contagious disease) A set of more than 20 large regulatory proteins that circulate in plasma and when activated form a nonspecific defense mechanism against many different micro-organisms |
| cascade | A set of reactions in which magnification of effect occurs, as in the complement system |
| classical pathway | One of the two sequences of reactions by which proteins of the complement system are activated |
| alternative pathway | One of the sequences of reactions in nonspecific host responses by which proteins of the complement system are activated |
| opsonins | An antibody that promotes phagocytosis when bound to the surface of a microorganism |
| opsonization | The process by which microorganisms are rendered more attractive to phagocytes by being coated with antibodies (opsonins) and C3b complement protein (also called immune adherence) |
| immune cytolysis | Process in which the membrane attack complex of complement produces lesions on cell membranes through which the contents of the bacterial cells leak out |
| membrane attack complex (MAC) | A set of proteins in the complement system that lyses invading bacteria by producing lesions in their cell membranes |
| acute phase response | A response to an acute illness that produces specific blood proteins called acute phase proteins |
| acute phase proteins | Protein, such as C-reactive protein or mannose-binding protein, that forms a nonspecific host-defense mechanism during an acute phase response |
Created by:
sbiosweitz
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