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Unit 6 test review
Anti-infective Agents/Cardiac Renal Agents Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is gram positive bacteria? | It's walls are composed of a uniform monolayer of peptidoglycans. |
| What color does gram + bacteria stain? | Purple |
| Is gram + bacteria easier to kill? | Yes |
| What is gram negative bacteria? | It's wall are composed of multiple layers, including an outer membrane and an inner peptidoglycan layer. |
| What color does gram negative bacteria stain? | Pink |
| Is gram negative bacteria harder to kill? | Yes |
| What are two types of gram positive bacteria? | Staphylococci streptococci |
| What are some gram-negative bacteria types | pseudomonas bacteroids campylobacter Haemophilus Klebsiella Legionella Mycoplasma |
| What is MIC? | Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of the orgaqnism. |
| What is MBC | The minimum bacterial concentration determines killing activity associated with an antimicrobial. |
| What is the treatment for RSV? | Anti-Viral called Ribavirin Administered via small particle generator (SPRAG) 12-18 hours daily, for 3-7 days |
| What is the treatment for MRSA? | Vancomycin |
| What is the treatment for a tick bite? | Tetracyclines (doxycycline) |
| What is the treatment for candida albicans? | Anti funals such as Nystatin Monistat Diflucan Amphotericin B |
| What are Beta Lactans? | Includes penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and penems |
| What is the action of beta lactams class? | Act by inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance. |
| What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins? | inhibit cell wall synthesis. Derivative of Beta Lactams |
| How long do cephalosporins last? | They have a longer half life than penecillin (outpatient parenteral dosing) |
| How many generations of cephalosporins are there? | Four |
| What is the fourth generation of cephalosporins used for? | Pneumonia UTI Skin Infections |
| Are cephalosporins very toxic? | No |
| Penecillins | Are A part of the Beta Lactams group Came about in the 1940's and was the beginning of the antibiotic era. |
| How have researchers developed many penicillin derivatives? | by changing the basic structure. Penicillin is a derivitave of the Beta Lactams class |
| What are the side effects of penecillin? | Diarrhea |
| How do penecillins act? | By inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
| Are penecillins toxic? | No |
| What percentage of the population is allergic to penecillin? | 15-20% |
| What are some examples of penecillin? | Penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin |
| Facts about the Quinolones class | Bacteriacidal Block enzyme responsible for DNA growth. |
| Do humans have the enzyme for DNA growth that Quinolones block? | No |
| What are Quinolones used for? | Treatment of UTI's |
| What bacteria does Quinolones cover? | gram- |
| What is an example of a quinolone? | NeGram |
| What are the interactions of quinolone? | can't be mixed with antacids phototoxic may cause super infections |
| What are some examples of respiratory quinolones? | Cipro Levaquin |
| What are aminoglycosides class used for? | Serious infection |
| What type of coverage do aminoglycosides cover? | Gram negative |
| What can aminoglycosides be used with to fight gram + bacteria | other antibiotics |
| Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? | bacteriocidal |
| What is the dose of aminoglycosides? | Weight and renal function |
| How are aminoglycosides toxic? | ototoxic, nephrotoxic |
| Why do aminoglycosides increase muscle weakness? | They can block signals from the neuromuscular junction |
| Aminoglycosides fact | Because of systemic toxicity they may have applications for aerosol use |
| What are examples of aminoglycosides? | gentamicin tobramycin |
| Vancomycin Class | The strongest antibiotic available today. Bactericidal |
| How does the Vancomycin class function | They bind to the cell wall and prevent mucopeptide formation. The bacteria cell then becomes susceptible to lysis. |
| What do you use Vancomycin for? | Serious life-threatening infections |
| Is vancomycin used for gram + or gram - bacteria? | gram + cocci |
| What is one thing that vancomycin treats? | MRSA |
| What are the side effects of vancomycin? | Hypotension nephrotoxicity rapid infusions can cause histamine release. flushed skin (redneck syndrome) |
| What must be monitored with vancomycin? | Serum drug levels |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors class | includes marcolides & tetracyclines |
| What do the macrolides in the protein synthesis inhibitors class treat? | pulmonary infections |
| What are some examples of drugs in the protein synthesis inhibitors class? | erythromycin Biaxin Zithromax |
| Antifungals Class | have a rigid cell wall |
| Fungus | produced by spores |
| Fungi include | yeasts, mushrooms and molds |
| How do antifungals act? | prevent the making of ergosterol, which is the building block for cell membranes |
| What are examples of fungal infections? | ringworm jock itch athletes foot |
| histoplasmosis | fungal infection of the lungs |
| Candita albicans | thrush -rinse mouth post steroid use |
| What are some examples of antifungals | Nystatin Monistat Diflucan ampotericin B |
| Amphotericin B is | highly toxic and can cause renal or liver damage |
| the two agents used to treat TB are | Isoniazid (INH) No alcohol rifampin RIMACTANE |
| What are the agents used to treat PCP pneumonia? (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) | Pentamidine (antiviral) |
| What are some common antibiotics used for inhalation? | gentamicin tobramycin |
| What are the respiratory infection pathogens for epiglottitis? | Haemophilus Influenzae |
| What are the respiratory infection pathogens for croup | Parainfluenza virs/staphylococus aureus |
| What are ectopic foci? | Excitable areas of the heart that fire outside of the normal conduction pathway and impair cardiac output |
| What is the refractory period? | The time when cells cannot be excited after electrical stimulation. |
| What is the normal pacemaker of the heart? | The SA node. |
| What is preload? | the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction? |
| What is afterload? | The force against which the heart must pump. |
| What are common atrial arrythmias? | Atrial fibrilation Arterial flutter PSVT (Supraventricular tachycardia) |
| What are common ventricular arrythmias? | PVC's, V-tach, tordsade de pointes, ventricular fibrulation |
| What is an arrhythmia? | Deviation in ekg tracing includes disorders of the automatcity and or conduction. |
| What causes arrhythmias? | oxygen deficit electrolyte imbalance proarrhytmias |
| What are proarrhythmias? | Arrythmias due to medication |
| Chronotropic drugs | affect heart rate positive chronotropic drugs increase heart rate. Negative chronotropic drugs decrease heart rate. |
| What are inotropic drugs? | Drugs that affect the force of contraction. Positive- increase force negative-decrease force |
| What are dromotropic drugs? | Drugs that alter the rythem or electrical conduction. Positive dromotropic speed up conduction. Negative dromotropic slow down conduction. |
| What is an action potential? | a change in membrane voltage that occurs with cardiac conduction. -Na, Ca, K |
| What is depolarization? | Contraction |
| What happens during repolarization? | It recharges so it can contract again. |
| During depolarization... | K moves out of the cell and Na moves into the cell. |
| During repolarization | K moves in the cell and sodium moves out. |
| What is the P wave on the rhythm strip? | Atrial depolarization (contraction) |
| What is the QRS complex? | Ventriclular depolarization/atrial repolarization. |
| What is the T wave | Ventricular repolarization. |
| What is the generic name for lasix? | furosemide |
| What are the signs of CHF? | Pedal Edema JVD Clubbing of the digits Slow capillary refill time |
| Types of ACE inhibitors | captopril (Capoten) benazepril (Lotensin) enapril (Vasotec) |
| Types of Beta blockers | Metoprolol bisoprolol |
| What is adenosine used for? | AKA Adeno Card Used to convert supraventricular tachycardia into a sinus rhythm IV route Short half life (seconds) |
| digoxin | inhibits Na and K+ exchange pump in the heart. Causes increased contraction half life 36 hours or longer A-Fib |
| Angina treatment #1 Beta Antagonists | Decrease myocardial oxygen consumption by decreasing HR, contractility,blood pressure and afterload. |
| Angina Treatment #2 Calcium-Channel Blockers | Inhibit Calcium Influx Decrease oxygen demands, contractility, AV conduction, automaticity |
| Angina Treatment #3 Nitroglycerine | Relaxes smooth muscle reduction of preload reduced afterload |
| CHF Treatment #1 Digoxin | inhibits the sodium/potassium exchange pump in the heart and increases intracellular sodium and calcium. This causes an increase in the contractility of the heart. |
| CHF Treatment #2 Beta Antagonists | Slows the heart rate to allow more time for complete ventricular filling, reduces myocardial oxygen demand and controls blood presssure. |
| CHF treatment #3 ACE inhibitors | decrease blood levels of angiotension II, there fore inducing vasodilation. |
| CHF treatmen #4 ARBS | Block angiotenson II regardless of its origin. Causes vasodilation |
| What are some agents used to treat high blood pressure? | • Ace inhibitors • Angiotensin II - receptor blockers • Vasodilators • Diuretics • B-Antagonist |
Created by:
kparkerlehman
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