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MIBO 3510L
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of CHO tube | Test of the ability to ferment certain carbohydrates also for gas |
| what is the purpose of OF tubes | test for oxdiative aerobic respiration vs. fermentation |
| what is the indicator for CHO tube | Brom Cresol Purple turns yellow below 6.8 |
| what tube is used for gas production | Durham Tube |
| What is oxidative metabolism | Electron acceptor is 02. complete oxidation of carb. to Co2 |
| Fermentation | electron acceptor is an organic molecule less energy is generated than in respiration |
| what is the indicator for O-F Tubes | Brom Thymol Blue (yellow below pH) |
| What is the purpose of IMViC Test? | to differentiate between Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes |
| what similar morphology do both of the Enterobacteriaceae family have? | Gram-negative rods |
| what does I in IMViC stand for? also what is the indicator? | Indole production; from tryptophan via the enzyme tryptophanase (indole + = tryptophanase +) Kovac's reagent - Red (+) |
| what does M in IMViC stand for? indicator? | Methyl Red (MR); production of acid from glucose fermentation Methyl Red (Red less than 4.4pH) |
| what does V in IMViC stand for? reagents: | Voges-Proskauer Test; production of 2,3-butanediol from glucose fermentation alpha-napthol and KOH Red - production of 2,3 butanediol |
| what does C in in IMViC stand for? indicator: | Citrate Utilizatio; ability to create citrate as a sole source of carbon Brom Thymol Blue Blue - (+) |
| Will most organism be test positive for both MR and VP? | No |
| What are the results of IMViC results for E. coli? | Positive for I and M |
| what are the results of IMViC results for E. Aerogenes | positive for V and C |
| Catalase Test; purpose? how to indicate? differentiate between which two organism | presence of catalase which converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (bubbles = (+)) ability of an organism to utilize oxygen; differentiate b/w Staphylococcus (+) and Streptococcus (catalase (-)) |
| Oxidase Test? purpose? indicator? | presence of cytochrome aa3 in ETC. purple color |
| Urea Agar slant? purpose? indicator? | ability to produce urease (pink = (+)) indicate of Proteus |
| Kliger Iron Agar? purpose? indicator? | ability to ferment glucose /or lactose and H2s production. |
| Phenylalanine agar indicator? added? | ability to produce phenylalanine deaminase typical of Proteus FeCl2 added color change to Green |
| Coagulase Test in Rabbit plasma indicator? | differentiate b/w pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus from non-pathogenic - Media gel (+) |
| What are Coliforms? Characteristics? | Facultative Anaerobes Gram-negative rods non-endospore-forming Ferment lactose to Acid+Gas in 2 days inhabitant of animal intestines |
| why test for coliforms? | Fecal pollution |
| how to detect coliforms in water? | Presumptive test confirmed test Completed Test |
| Presumptive test: selective differential | Laural Tryptose Broth - bile and detergent - lactose fermentation |
| Confirmed Test: selective differential (what does it determine) | Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth = brilliant green - lactose fermentation with gas at 37' (determines the total coliforms present) |
| Completed: selective differential (What does it determine) | E.Coli Broth - bile salts and increased temperature - lactose fermentation with gas at 44.5'c (only fecal coliforms present) |
| Normal Flora: Pathogenic? | found on skin and mucous membranes (intestines) - do not cause pathogenesis - Antagonistic mutualism - presence prevents harmful bacteria from colonizing the space pathogens may be present but cannot dominate and cause disease |
| Staphylococcus example? | Gram + cocci in clusters - nonmotile, facultative anaerobic, catalise (+), and able to grow on media containing 10% NaCl - grow over temperature range of 18-40'c [ S. aureus, epidoermidis] |
| Streptococcus? | Gram positive Cocci in chains - Catalase (-), facultative anaerobes with complex nutritional requirements (fastidious) |
| Disinfectants? | non-living surfaces or fomite (lysol, bleach) |
| Antiseptics? | on living tissues (mouthwash, hydrogen peroxide, mercurochrome) |
| Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment (5) | - general affinity for organic matter - organic materials dilute antiseptics or disinfectant before they can react with microbes - NOT sterilizing agents b/c they do not always kill all fungal and bacterial spores and vegetative cells |
| Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment (5) | - affected by concentration - application time |
| What are antibiotics? | - Natural substances isolated from a biological source that are antagonistic |
| types of antibiotics? | Broad-spectrum : acts effectively on both gram type positive and gram (-) Narrow-spectrum: primarily acts on a single group - Less than 1% discovered antibiotics |
| Inhibition of Cell wall synthesis | Cidal - bind to transpetidases which inhibits cross-linking of cell wall= cell lysis - vancomycin inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors. |
| Cell membrane Interference | - Bacteriocidal in high, static in low. - binds to LPS (Gm-) , displacing Ca and Mg bridges that stabilize it leads to changes in membrane permeability and inhibition of respiration |
| DNA Gyrase Inhibition | Cidal - prevent supercoiling DNA - supercoiling is required for packing DNA |
| RNA polymerase inhibition | - static mRNA synthesis |
| Inhibition of Folate Synthesis | - Sulfonamides - analogs of p-aminobenzoic acid - precursoe to nucleic acids - selectively toxic to bacteria |
| MIN | Minimal inhibitory Concentration |
| Common Skin Microbes | S. Aureus, S. epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus |
| toxic Shock Toxins | Exotoxin causes the release of massive amount of cellular cytokines by human immune cells (results in drop of blood pressure and kidney failure) |
| Enterotoxin | Food poisoning; vommitting |
| Hylaronidase | degrades host connective tissues, enables spread |
| Coagulase | clots plasma and impedes white blood cells from reaching infection, (traps bacteria within a 'fort' of infectable area) |
| Staphyloccocal diseases | Epidermal, Abscesses, and Infection of internal organs and tissues |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Capsules | help prevent phagocytosis by host's immune system |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Cytolytic toxins | Hemolysins (streptolysins) and leukocidans |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Hylaronidase | using hylarunoan destroys polysaccharides that holds animal cells together; making it easier for pathogens to spread |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Streptokinase | Breakdown Fibrin clots and enables spread |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Pyrogenic exotoxins | causes the body to have a fever response |
| Virulence of Streptococcus : Erythrogenic toxin | (Scarlet Fever); Exotoxin is secreted and gets into bloodstream causing the reddening of the skin and white coat on the tongue |
| Phage replication reproduction | Phage (bacterial viruses) only reproduce when they inhabit living cells |
| Lysogenic Virus replication | Lysogenic viruses incorporate themselves into the host chromosome and replicate as it does, allowing the cell to continue living (May also be triggered to begin lytic cycle) |
| Lytic Phage Assay (why use agar overlay) | performed within an agar overlay to localize motile bacterial cells so that only 1 plaque will form per initial phage |
| Plaque Assay Assumptions | - only enumerates (count) phage which are undergoing lytic reproduction - Host bacterium must be suspeptible to phage infection |
| When host bacterium is not susceptible to phage infection | 1. some lysogenic phage infections grant (confer) immunity from infection by other phages 2. some hosts do not have appropriate phage receptors on their cell wall surfaces -> phage cannot attach and thus cannot infect the cell |
| How can Cell take up free DNA? | Cell must be competent or able to take the DNA into their cytoplasm for recombination |
| Natural Competency and Artificial Competency | Natural - strains like Acinetobacter Artificial -= created via chemical treatment or by electroporation |
| Controlling Food spoilage | 1. Removing contaiminating microorganisms (heat) 2. inhibit growth of microorganism (refrigerates) 3. Ancient methods (salting, smoking) |
| Preventing Spoilage with Microbes | Lactobacillus (Lactic Acid) Pediococcus (propionic acid) S. Cerevisiae (yeasts) |
| Sour Cream and Butter Milk | Mesophilic lactic acid bacteria fermentation - Lactobacillus sp. and Lactococcus sp. occasionally Streptococcus - Leuconostoc *volatile flavors) |
| Microbial Interactions in Yogurt pH4 | Lactobacillus acidophilus (milk protein to amino acids) [glycine and histidine] stimulates Streptococci |
| Microbial Interactions in Yogurt pH6.5 | Streptococcus thermophilus - produce formate (which stimualtes lactobacilli) |
| Yeast Metabolism (Aerobic and Anaerobic) | only 2 Co2 , 2 Ethanol and 2 ATP produced in Anaerobic fermentation |
| Grape Fermentation | S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoides (natural yeasts) |
| Beer: Grain Fermentation (Aerobic then Anaerobic by hops and yeasts added to wort) | Malting - germinating grain and drying and crushing to release plant enzymes (amylases convert malt and starch into fermentable carbohydrates) (Non-fermentable dextrins give beer body) (lower amount of sugaars, no dextrins in light beers) |
| Why Age it? | allow yeast to settle out , yeasts removed and beer is bottled |
| Beer Yeasts | S. Cerevisiae, top fermenting yeast (makes ale, ~20'c incubation S. carlsbergensis (bottle fermenting yeasts, makes lager, ~10'c incubation) |
| Vinegar | produced when alcohol is colonized by Acinetobacter sp. Ethanol and O2 -> acetic acid inhibits growth of other bacteria |
| Replica Plating | used to screen for phenotypic mutations (ability and inability to grow on certain media) - must be marekd for orientation on the 'master plate' - replicate these on agar/ with antibiotics to screen for resistant ability |
| What is the original plate called? | Master plate |
| Replica plating transfer mechanism | Velveteen material |
Created by:
krnkrn
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