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Bio Ch. 41&42
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Herbivore | an animal that mainly eats plants or algae |
| Omnivore | an animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae |
| Carnivore | an animal that mainly eats other animals |
| ingestion | the first stage of food processing in animals: the act of eating |
| digestion | the second stage of food processing in animals: the breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb |
| absorption | the third stage of food processing in animals: the uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's body |
| elimination | the fourth and final stage of food processing in animals: the passing of undigested material out of the body |
| suspension feeder | an aquatic animal, such as a sponge, clam, or baleen wale, that feeds by sifting small organisms or food particles from the water |
| bulk feeder | an animal that eats relatively large pieces of food |
| substrate feeder | an animal that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food |
| fluid feeder | an animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism |
| gastrovascular cavity | a central cavity with a single opeing in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients |
| alimentary canal | a complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus |
| peristalsis | (1) alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal. |
| sphincters | a ringlike band of muscle fibers that controls the size of an opening in the body, such as the passage between the esophagus and the stomach |
| oral cavity | the mouth of an animal |
| pharynx | (1) an area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross. (2) in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth |
| esophagus | a muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach |
| stomach | an organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion |
| small intestine | the longest section of the alimentary canal, so named because of its small diameter compared with that of the large intestine; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients |
| large intestine | the portion of the veterbrate alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces |
| gastric juices | a digestive fluid secreted by the stomach |
| pepsin | an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins |
| pepsinogen | the inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells located in gastric pits of the stomach |
| pancreas | gland with exocrine&endocrine tissues.Exocrine portion fncts in digestion,secreting enzymes&alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct;the ductless endocrine portion fncts in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin&glucagon into the blood |
| bile | a mixture of substances that is produce in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; enables formation of fat droplets in water as an aid in the digestion and absorption of fats |
| liver | a large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse function, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose level, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood |
| gallbladder | an organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine |
| villi | a finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine |
| microvilli | one of many fine, finger-like projection of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area |
| hepatic portal vein | a large vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content |
| colon | the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces |
| cecum | the blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine |
| appendix | a small, finger-like extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood ells that contribute to immunity |
| rectum | the terminal portion of the large intestine, where the feces are stored prior to elimination |
| ruminant | an animal, such as a cow or sheep, with multiple stomach compartments specialized for an herbivorous diet |
| rumen | The first division of the stomach of a ruminant animal, in which most food collects immediately after being swallowed and from which it is later returned to the mouth as cud for thorough chewing. |
| omasum | The third division of the stomach of a ruminant animal, located between the abomasum and the reticulum. |
| abomasum | The fourth division of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and deer, in which digestion takes place |
| reticulum | The second compartment of the stomach of ruminant mammals, lined with a membrane having honeycombed ridges. |
| heart | a muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph) The fluid then flows down a pressure gradient through the body and eventually returns to the heart |
| open circulatory system | a circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and there is not distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid |
| hemolymph | in invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues |
| closed circulatory system | a circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid |
| blood | a connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended |
| arteries | a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body |
| arterioles | a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed |
| capillaries | a microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid |
| capillary beds | a network of capillaries in a tissue or organ |
| venules | a vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein |
| veins | in animals, a vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| atria | a chamber of the vertebrate heart that receives blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle |
| ventricles | a heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart |
| single circulation | a circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart |
| double circulation | a circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit |
| pulmonary circuits | the branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs |
| pulmocutaneous circuits | a branch of the circulatory system in many amphibians that supplies the lungs and skin |
| systematic circuits | the branch of the circulatory that supplies oxygenated blood to and carries deoxygenated blood away from organs and tissues throughout the body |
| cardiac cycle | the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart |
| systole | the stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber contracts and pumps blood |
| diastole | the stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood |
| cardiac output | the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart |
| heart rate | the frequency of heart contraction (in beats per minute) |
| stroke volume | the volume of blood pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction |
| atrioventricular valves | a heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts |
| semilunar valves | a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle |
| endothelium | the simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels |
| lymphatic system | a system of vessels and nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood |
| lymph | the colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrates |
| plasma | the liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended |
| platelets | a pinched-off cytoplamsic fragment of a specialized bone marrow cell. they circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting |
| erythrocytes | red blood cell; a blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell |
| leukocytes | white blood cell; a blood cell that functions in fighting infections |
| gas exchange | the uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment |
| partial pressure | the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air) |
| ventilation | the flow of air or water over a respiratory surface |
| countercurrent exchange | the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. |
| tracheal system | in insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells |
| lungs | an infolded respiratory surface of a terrestrial vertebrate, land snail, or spider that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes |
| larynx | the portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also called the voice box |
| trachea | the portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe |
| bronchi | one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs |
| bronchioles | a fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli |
| alveoli | one of the dead-end air sacs where gas exchange occurs in a mammalian lung |
| surfactant | a substance secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid that coasts the alveoli |
| breathing | ventilation of the lungs through alternating inhalation and exhalation |
| positive pressure breathing | a breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs |
| negative pressure breathing | a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs |
| diaphragm | a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. contraction of this pulls air into the lungs |
Created by:
cmarie2070
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