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Anti-Innfectives
Anti-InfectiveAgents Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the "antibiotic era" begin? | In the 1940's with Pennicillin. |
| What is chemotherapy? | The application of a chemical agent that has specific toxic effects on disease producing organisms in a living animal. |
| What is an antibiotic? | a chemotherapeutic substance derived from a living organism that kills microorganism growth |
| What is a pathogen? | A disease-causing microorganism. |
| What is normal flora? | normally harmless microbial organisms in the body. |
| What is empiric therapy? | antimicrobial therapy begun before a specific pathogen has been identified with laboratory tests. |
| What are the steps of the infectious process? | 1. Establish the presence of infection. 2. Determine where infection is located. (is it systemic or local) 3.Determine course of therapy. |
| What information is used to establish the presence of an infection? | Signs and symptoms Subjective and objective information |
| What can systemic infections cause? | Since systemic infections may spread to the blood stream it can cause multi-system problems. |
| What kind of therapy to systemic infections require? | A more aggressive therapy. |
| What is the suspected respiratory infection pathogen for croup? | Parainfluenza virus Staphylococus aureus |
| What is the suspected respiratory infection pathogen for epiglottitis? | Haemophilus influenzae |
| How is bacteria identified? | As aerobic bacteria or anaerobic bacteria. |
| Aerobic bacteria | need oxygen to survive |
| anaerobic bacteria | do not need oxygen to survive |
| How do you test and identify for bacteria? | gram stain |
| What are suceptibility testing methods? | Disk diffusion Broth dilution |
| Who performed the first gram stain test? | Hans christian Gram |
| How does the test determine chemical make up? | By looking at the cell wall |
| What does the cell wall function to do? | Maintain integrity and protect the bacteria. This is the site of action for many antibiotics. |
| What color does gram positive stain? | purple |
| What is a gram positive wall like? | It is composed of a uniform monolayer of peptidoglycans. |
| Are gram positive cells harder or easier to kill? | Easier due to the monolayer |
| What color is the gram negative stain? | pink |
| What does the cell wall of a gram look like? | Multiple layers, including an outer membrane and an inner peptidoglycan layer |
| when does suceptibility testing begin? | After the organism is already identified. |
| What does suceptibility testing help to do? | guide antibiotic therapy |
| What are the two methods to determine susceptibility? | Disk diffusion and broth dilution. |
| Disk diffusion | A class technique Qualitative Bacteria cultured and grown on a solid media. Antibiotic-containing paper disks |
| The disk diffusion method has what? | Zone of inhibition Resistant bacteria |
| Broth Dilution | more quantitative accurately identify the concentration of drug needed to inhibit or kill bacteria. Involves test tubes |
| MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) | The test tube with the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of the organism. |
| MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) | Determins whether the organism is actually killed |
| What are the Gram + bacteria? | Streptococci Staphylococci (Everything else is Gram -) |
| What are broad spectrum antibiotics? | Antibiotics that kill a variety of bacteria |
| What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? | Antibiotics that are affective against fewer microorganisms. They are more specific. |
| Resistance | Bacterial enzymes can bind to a drug Enzymes can bind to a drug and prevent drug from attaching to bacteria. Patients do not finish anti-infective treatment |
| How do you monitor anti-infective therapy? | Clinical response Microbiological response (secondary blood/sputum culture Drug levels: TI/Toxicity |
| How are agents classified? | bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal Broad or Narrow Mechanism of action atibacterial agents (classes) |
Created by:
kparkerlehman
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