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Hydrologic Cycle
Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evaporation | The process by which water changes from a liquid to a vapor |
| Transpiration | The process by which water taken up by plants passes directly into the atmosphere |
| Condensation | The process by which water changes from a vapor into a liquid or solid |
| Deposition | The process by which water changes from a vapor to a solid |
| Precipitation | The process by which water that has condensed in the atmosphere falls back to the surface as rain, snow, or hail |
| Surface Runoff | Precipitation that drains over land or in stream channels |
| Infiltration | The process by which water works its way into the ground through small openings in the soil |
| Stream | A body of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway |
| Channel | The clearly defined natutll pasageway through which a stream flows |
| Gradient | The steepness of a stream channel |
| Discharge | The amount of water passing by a point in a channel's bank during a unit of time |
| Load | The suspeneded and dissolved sediment carried by a stream |
| Alluvium | Unconsolidated sediment deposited in a recent geological time by a stream |
| Drainage Basin (water Shed) | The total area from which water flows into a stream |
| Divide | A topographic high that seperates adjacent drainage basins; seperates streams that drain towards one side of the continent from streams that drain towards the other side. |
| Flood | An event in which a water body overflows its banks |
| Groundwater | Subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock |
| Water Table | The top surfeace of the saturated zone |
| Zone of Aeration | Zone (or layer) of ground in which saces between grains in regolith or bedrock are mainly filled with air; material may be moist to the touch |
| Porosity | The percentage of the total volume of a body of rock or regolith that consists of open spaces (pores) |
| Recharge | Replenishment of groundwater |
| Discharge | The process by which subsurface water leaves the saturated zone and becomes surface water |
| Spring | A natural outlet for groundwater that occurs Where the water table intersects the land surface |
| Aquifer | A body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porus, and permeable; transmits groundwater freely |
| Aquitard (Aquiclude) | A layer of impermeable rock that hinders or prevents water movement |
| Processes of the Hydrologic Cycle | Precipitation; Evaporation; Infiltration; Runoff; Transpiration |
| Sheetflow | First sidewalk gets all wet, then water develops into a tiny stream |
| Dendrite Drainage Pattern | Tree-like Shape |
| Radial Drainage Pattern | Hill in the middle, rivers flow off in all directions |
| Rectangular Drainage Pattern | Looks like a tron grid with right angles |
| Trellis Drainage Pattern | Center Channel with various off-shoots; can be recognized by valleys and ridges |
| Laminar | Streamflow that is Smooth |
| Turbulent | Streamflow that is rough |
| Factors that determine streamflow velocity | Gradient; Channel Characteristics; Discharge |
| Base Level | Lowest point a stream can erode |
| Deposition | Deposits that raise the base level |
| Dissolved Loads | Everything transported in a stream that you CAN'T see |
| Suspended Load | Everything transported in a stream that you CAN see |
| Capacity | The maximun load a stream can transport |
| Competence | Indicates the maximum particle size that can be transported by a stream; determiend by stream's velocity |
| Bed Load | Sediment not lite enough to get into water; but it bounces (Saltation) and rolls along the bottom |
| Bars | Place where water gets shallow because deposiiton has occured |
| Braided Streams | Water moves around the bars and goes back and forth; channels move in and out of eachother |
| Deltas | Place of transition (usually swampy); Sediments deposited from finest grain to coarsest grain. |
| Natural Levee | Dirt wall, or berm, on side of river that form parallel to stream by successive floods |
| Yazoo Tributary | Offshoot. or smaller stream, that runs parallel to the river |
| Stream Valleys | Most common landforms on Earth's surface |
| Narrow Stream Valleys | V-Shaped, Downcutting, usually found in mountains, usually includes rapids and waterfalls |
| Wide Stream Valleys | Stream is near base level, can be meandering or braided, less downstream erosion, energy directed from sided to side forming a floodplain; usually with meandering streams |
| Meteoric | Means rain; fresh, potable |
| Juvenile Water | Never reached the surface; still safe inside the intrusive bodies: batholiths, dikes, and sills; Rare |
| Geological Role of Groundwater | As an erosion agent; as an equalizer of stream flow |
| Groundwater as an erosion agent | Mildly acidic; disolves CO2 from air and decaying plants; reacts with calcite in limestone and marble and dissolves it. can create caverns at or just below surface in the Zone of Aeration |
| Speleotherms | Stalactites & Stalagmites; formed by Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates |
| Karst Topography | Landscapes shaped by the dissolvin power of groundwater; inlcude irregular terrain, sinkoles, streams |
| Capillary Fringe | Water that moves upward from the from the water table; held by surface tension |
| Gaining Streams | Gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed |
| Losing Streams | Lose water to the ground-water system by outflow through the streambed |
| Darcy's Law | If permeability remains uniform, the velocity of groundwater will increase as the slope of water increases; a calculation for velocity and slope; HIGH minus LOW over DISTANCE |
| Hydrolic Gradient | The water table slope, determiend by dividing the verticle difference (high-low) between these points: HIGH minus LOW over SLOPE |
| Hydrolic Head | The verticle difference between the recharge and discharge points |
| Permeability | the ability of a material to transmit fluid; how interacted holes are |
| Pumping wells can cause | Drawdown & Cone of Depression |
| Artesian Well (Spring) | Groundwater under pressure that rises above the level of the aquifer |
| Non-Flowing Artesian Well | Pressure Surface is below ground level |
| Flowing Artesian Well | Pressure Surface is above ground level |
| Hot Spring | Water is 6-9 degrees warmer than the mean annual air temperature of the locality; heated by cooling of igneous rock |
| Geysers | Intermittent Hot Springs; erupt with great force; occur when extnesive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rock. |
Created by:
rayannahunter
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