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-Topic 1: Cells
IB Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | All organisms are composed of one or more cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. All vital functions of an organism occur within the cell. Cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulation and for transmition of informan. |
| Exceptions to cell theory. | Skeletal muscle and some fungal hyphae are not divided into cells but have a multinucleate cytoplasm. Some biologists consider unicellular organisms to be acellular. |
| Schleiden (1838) | Concludes that all plants are made of cells or their derivatives, a theory he called Phytogensis |
| Schwann (1839) | Working with Schleiden, proposed the Cell Theory, which suggested that all animals and plants were made of cells, and that within an organism these cells are identical. |
| Virchow (1855) | Studied pathogenic organisms and showed that "omnis cellula e cellula", All cells arise from pre-existing cells, by means of cell division. |
| Hierarchal Biology Relationship | Molecule, Organells, Cell, Tissues, Organ, Organ Systems, Multi-cellular organism. |
| Is a virus a living organism. (explain, of course) | No. They use genetic material and can evolve, but they require a host cell to survive. |
| Components of virus. | DNA or RNA wrapped up in a protein coat |
| Three advantages of Light Microscope | 1) display color instead of monochromatic images 2) provide a large field of view 3) facilitate preparation of sample material 4) allow for the examination of living material and observation of movement |
| Advantages of Electron Microscope | 1) provide higher resolution and magnification 2) SEM provide images of surface 3) TEM provide images of interior |
| Define organelle | An organelle is one of several formed bodies with a specialized function, suspended in the cytoplasm and found in eukaryotic cells. |
| Compare relative size of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using appropriate SI units. | 1) moecules (1nm) 2) cell membrane thickness (10nm) 3) viruses (100nm) 4) bacteria (1 µm) 5) Organelles (<10 µm) 6) Most cells (<100 µm) |
| Explain the importance of surface area to volume ratio | As a cell grows in size (volume), the distance increases between the cytoplasm at the center of the cell and the cell membrane. The rate of chemical exchange with the surrounding environment may hence become too low to maintain the cell. |
| Do unicellular organisms carry out all functions of life? | Yes. |
| From what are cells formed? | other cells |
| Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others. | - Cellular Differentiation: is the development of cells in specific ways. - Hormones, cell to cell signals, and chemicals determine how a cell develops. - Cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to become specialized. |
| Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others. con't | specialized for one particular function. Ex. nerve cells transmit messages - Group of differentiated cells form a tissue Cells contain nucleus chromosomes DNA divide into genes |
| Define tissue. | An integrated group of cells that share stucture and function. |
| Define organ. | A combination of two or more tissues which function as an integrated unit, performing one or more specific functions in an organism. |
| Define organ system. | A group of organs that specialize in a certain function together. |
| Function of cell wall. | Maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment. In contrast from Eukaryotic cell walls, usually made of cellulose or chitin, cell walls in prokaryotes [bacterial cells] contain peptidoglycan |
| Function of plasma membrane. | separates the content of the cell from its surroundings, regulates the passage of material |
| Function of mesosome. | these structures are important in the performance of the aerobic parts of aerobic cellular respiration;a whorled structure extending inward from the cell membrane in Gram-positive bacteria and containing enzymes for cellular respiration. |
| Function of cytoplasm. | supports the organelles, and also contains important chemicals for the cell |
| Function of ribosomes. | contributes to the manufacture of substances important to the cell function e. Protein Synthesis |
| Function of naked DNA. | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that is not in a nucleus |
| Photosynthesis | blue-green bacteria make their own food by photosynthesis. |
| Nitrogen Fixation | nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds. |
| Fermentation | many bacteria absorb organic substances, convert them into other organic substances and release them. |
| Function of ribosome. | contributes to the manufacture of substances important to the cell function Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes attached; material are transported through these canals to different parts of the cell |
| Function of lysosome | breaks down food and digest waste and worn out cell parts |
| Function of golgi bodies | packages useful material and secrete them to the outside of the cell for use else where in the organism |
| Function of mitochondria. | transform energy for the cell |
| Function of nucleus. | brain of the cell; contains DNA and is the control center of the cell |
| Characteristics of prokaryotic cells. | -genetic material is naked loop of DNA in the cytoplasm, nucleoid region -mitochondria is not present -few membrane bound organelles -no nucleus |
| Characteristics of eukaryotic cells. | -genetic material in the form of chromosomes within nucleus -mitocondria is always present -ribosomoes are larger than prokaryotic cells -most organelles are membrane bound |
| Characteristics of animal cells. | -glycogen is used for carbohydrate storage -shape is flexible, but is usually rounded -chloroplasts and cells wall not present -vacuole is usually not present |
| Characteristics of plant cells. | -chloroplasts and cell wall present -vaculoe is usually present -starch is used for carbohydrate storage -fixed (rectangular) shape |
| Composition and function of plant cell wall. | made mainly of cellulose. cupports cell and limits its volume |
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getsneezey
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