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Test_002
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteogenesis is the process of | bone formation |
| Stratum Germinativum | basal cells. attached to the basal lamina by hemidesmosomes. forms epidermal ridges (EX: fingerprints) |
| Merkel Cells | foundin hairless skin Respond to touch(trigger nervous system) |
| Melanocytes | Contain the pigment melanin. They are scattered throughout |
| Stratum Spinosum | the spiny layer. eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes.Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells active in the immune response |
| Stratum Granulosum | grainy layer. produces keratin and keratohyalin. |
| Keratin | a tough, fibrous protein. Makes up hair and nails. |
| Keratohyalin | dense granules. promote dehydration of the cell |
| Stratum Lucidum | the clear layer. found only in thick skin |
| Stratum Corneum | The "horn layer" water resistant. shed and replaced every 2 weeks. exposed surface of skin. |
| Keratinization | The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin. It takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum |
| Insensible Perspiration | Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum. |
| Sensible Perspiration | Water excreted by sweat glands. |
| The function of nebulin | holds F-actin strands together |
| Epimysium | exterior collagen layer. Separates muscle from surrounding tissues |
| Perimysium | surrounds muscle fiber bundles-fascicles. contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles. |
| Endomysium | surrounds individual muscle cells-muscle fibers. Contains capillaries and nerve fibers containing muscle cells. Contains myosatellite cells-stem cells that repair damage. |
| In what way does the interior of a resting cell differ from the external environment? | The interior is negateively charged and contains less sodium. |
| Apocrine sweat glands produce/secrete clear fluids. Other sweat glands | sticky, cloudy secretions |
| Where would you expect the greatest concentration of Ca2+ in resting skeletal muscle to be? | In cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| If I close all K+ leak channels... | the cell may depolarize |
| Thick Filaments are made of | myosin |
| Where is melanin produced? | Melanocytes manufacture it in the stratum germinativum |
| You have a young adult patient complaining of joint pain and inflammation. Her uric acid levels are elevated. Your diagnosis is_____? | Gouty Arthritis |
| You have a young adult patient complaining of joint pain and inflammation. Her uric acid levels are normal. Your diagnosis is_____? | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Where can you find a merocrine sweat gland? | Palms of hands and soles of feet. |
| A type of joint that binds teeth to sockets | gomphosis |
| Synarthrosis | no movement. Very Strong. Types of joints: Suture found in the skull. Gomphosis binds teeth to sockets. Synchondrosis is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones. |
| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly movable. Two types of amphiarthroses. Syndesmosis are bones connected by ligaments.Symphysis bones separate by fibrous cartilage. |
| Diarthrosis | Freely movable. Pads articulating surfaces within articular capsules to prevent bones from touching. |
| Osteoarthritis | Wear and tear of joint surfaces or genetic factors affecting collagen formation. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | An inflammatory condition that involves the immune system. |
| Gouty Arthritis | Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) form within the synovial fluid due to metabolic disorders. |
| Synovial Fluid | Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts. It lubricates to reduce friction, it distributes nutrients and absorbs shock. |
| Cartilages | cushion the joint |
| Fat pads | protect articular cartilages |
| Ligaments | support, strengthen joints |
| Tendons | attach to muscles around joint. Helps support the joint. |
| Bursae | pockets of synovial fluid; cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub. |
| Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? | Parathyroid hormone |
| Addison disease is a disease of | the pituitary gland. it darkens the skin |
| Rickets: what is it? | A softening of bones |
| Rickets: what is it due to? | Insufficient vitamin D3 |
| Structures of the Epidermis from basal lamina to free surface | Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum. |
| Jaundice | Build up of bile produced by the liver. a yellow color of skin |
| Vitiligo | loss of melanocytes-loss of color |
| Holocrine Glands in the Skin | sebaceous glands |
| Apocrine Glands in the Skin | sticky, cloudy secretions. Found in the armpits, around nipples and groin |
| Merocrine Glands in the Skin | palms and soles. watery discharge directly into surface. |
| Chemically Gated Channels | open in presence of specific chemicals at a blinding site |
| Voltage Gated Channels | respond to changes in the transmembrane potential. Found in neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolema and cardiac muscle |
| Mechanically Gated Channels | respond to membrane distortion. found in sensory receptors for touch, pressure and vibration. |
| Vitamin C | required for collagen synthesis and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation. |
| Vitamin A | stimulates osteoblast activity |
| Vitamin K and B12 | helps synthesize bone proteins |
| Growth Hormone and Thyroxine | stimulates bone growth |
| Estrogens and Androgens | stimulate osteoblasts |
| Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones | regulate calcium and phosphate levels |
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