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Chap. 37 Soil and Pl
Campbell Biology Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Essential elements | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Micronutrient | An essential element that an organism needs in very small amounts. |
| Macronutrient | An essential element that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts. |
| Mineral nutrient defiency symptoms and mobility of the nutrient (1) | • Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects older organs more than young ones • Deficiency of a less mobile nutrient usually affects younger organs more than older ones |
| Mineral nutrient defiency symptoms and mobility of the nutrient (2) | • Symptoms of mineral deficiency depend on the nutrient’s function and mobility within the plant • The most common deficiencies are those of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus |
| Loam | Topsoil composed of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay. |
| Clay | Tend to retain too much water. A stiff, sticky sedimentary material that is soft and pliable when wet and consists mainly of various silicates of aluminum. Clay particles are smaller than silt, having a diameter less than 0.0039mm. Clay is widely used to |
| Silt | A sedimentary material consisting of grains or particles of disintegrated rock, smaller than sand and larger than clay. The diameter of the particles ranges from 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm. Silt is often found at the bottom of bodies of water where it accumulat |
| Sand | Don’t retain enough water to support vigorous plant growth. A sedimentary material consisting of small, often rounded grains or particles of disintegrated rock, smaller than granules and larger than silt. The diameter of the particles ranges from 0.0625 |
| Negatively charged/Positively charged ions and soil particles (1) | • Cations (for example K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) adhere to negatively charged soil particles; this prevents them from leaching out of the soil through percolating groundwater • During cation exchange, cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations |
| Negatively charged/Positively charged ions and soil particles (2) | • Displaced cations enter the soil solution and can be taken up by plant roots • Negatively charged ions do not bind with soil particles and can be lost from the soil by leaching • The desired cations that are displaced are usually displaced by hydrog |
| Phytoremediation | An emerging technology that seeks to reclaim contaminated areas by taking advantage of some plant species’ ability to extract heavy metals and other pollutants from the soil and to concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plant. |
| Denitrifying bacteria | Some soil nitrogen is lost, particularly in anaerobic soils, when denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- (nitrates) to N2 (gaseous nitrogen), which diffuses into the atmosphere. |
| Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | Convert gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). |
| Nitrifying bacteria | Mediate each step of the nitrogen cycle. |
| Endomycorrhizae or Arbuscular mycorrhizae | • microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root • These mycorrhizae penetrate the cell wall but not the plasma membrane to form branched arbuscules within root cells |
| Ectomycorrhizae | Association of a fungus with a plant root system in which the fungus surrounds the roots but does not cause invagination of the host (plant) cells’ plasma membranes. • the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root • These |
| Ectomycorrhizae | • the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root • These hyphae form a network in the apoplast, but do not penetrate the root cells |
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