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PBHS AP Bio Ch 35-39
plant form and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plant tissue responsible for carrying water up from the roots | xylem |
| plant tissue responsible for carrying sugars throughout the plant | phloem |
| long thin xylem cell with thick secondary cell walls; water moves from cell to cell through pits | tracheids |
| xylem cells found primarily in angiosperms; water moves through pits and perforated end walls | vessels |
| phloem cells that are alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles | Sieve-tube elements |
| phloem cells that are alive at functional maturity; are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube | Sieve plates |
| Each sieve-tube element has a ______________________ whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells | companion cell |
| ____________________are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth | meristems |
| Apical meristems are located at the ______________________ and at the axillary buds of shoots | tips of roots and shoots |
| location of primary growth | apical meristems |
| ________________ add thickness to woody plants | lateral meristems |
| Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants, a process called ___________ | secondary growth |
| There are two lateral meristems; ________ & ____________ | vascular cambium & cork cambium |
| The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called _________________ and ________________ | secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem |
| The _______________ replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher | cork cambium |
| ___________________ consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm | bark |
| The evolution of ___________ and ___________ in land plants made possible the long-distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis | xylem and phloem |
| the movement of water that requires no energy is known as ______________ | passive transport diffusion or osmosis |
| ____________ is the movement of solutes ‘down’ a gradient; an example of passive transport | diffusion |
| The role of passive transport is mostly to ____________________ | move water into and out of cells |
| Most solutes cannot move across the phospho-lipid barrier of the membrane; thus a _____________ is required | transport protein |
| the most important transport protein in plants is the __________________ | proton pump |
| A proton pump uses the energy of ________ to create an electrochemical gradient | ATP |
| In the mechanism called ______________, a transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute to the active transport of another | co-transport |
| The role of active transport is to ________________________________. | move solutes and nutrients against the concentration gradient. |
| Efficient long distance transport of fluid requires __________________, the movement of a fluid driven by pressure | bulk flow |
| ____________________is the loss of water vapor from the leaves and other parts of the plant that are in contact with the air | transpiration |
| the __________ of water due to hydrogen bonding plus the _______ of water to plant cell walls enables the water to form a water column … water is drawn up through the xylem as water evaporates, each succeeding water molecule pulling on the one beneath it | cohesion and adhesion |
| the _________________ explains water movement in plants | Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism |
| Phloem transports organic products of photosynthesis from the leaves throughout the plant in a process called _______________- | translocation |
| A ____________ is an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves | sugar source |
| A ______________ is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb | sugar sink |
| an example of a sugar source might be a ___________- | leaf |
| an example of a sugar sink might be a __________ | fruit, root, tuber, flower |
| __________ are the most fertile topsoils and contain equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay | loams |
| The goal of ______________ is to use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable | sustainable agriculture |
| The primary source of irrigation water is underground water reserves called ___________ | aquifers |
| Nine of the essential elements are called _____________ because plants require them in relatively large amounts | macronutrients |
| macronutrients include __________ | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium |
| A chemical element is considered an __________________ if it is required for a plant to complete its life cycle | essential elements |
| _____________ are essential elements that plants need in very small amounts | micronutrients |
| examples of micronutrients include ________ | chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum |
| The layer of soil bound to the plant’s roots is the ______________ | rhizosphere |
| _______________are mutualistic associations of fungi and roots | Mycorrhizae |
| An _____________ grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain | epiphyte |
| ____________________ are photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects | carnivorous plants |
| In the late 1800s, Charles Darwin and his son Francis conducted experiments on ____________, a plant’s response to light | phototropism |
| _____________are chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism | hormones |
| Any response resulting in curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus is called a _____________ | tropism |
| The term _____________refers to any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles | auxin |
| __________________are hormones that are so named because they stimulate cytokinesis (cell division) | cytokinins |
| ______________ are hormones that have a variety of effects, such as stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination | gibberellins |
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kcshiker
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