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General Pharmacologi
General Pharmacologic Principals
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is a drug? | Any chemical that alters an organsim state |
What is pharmacology? | The study of drugs and their actions |
What is disease management? | The collective management of all aspects of a patients disease |
What is the average cost of developing a new drug on the market? | 1.3-1.7 billion |
What are some sources of drugs? | Plants, animals, minerals, chemicals, DNA |
When was the FDA established? | 1938 |
What does the FDA do? | regulate drug testing and approve new drugs on the market |
How does the FDA treat herbals? | They treat them as dietary suppliments. |
What is the first stage of testing for drug development? | Testing on animals. |
What is the first phase of human testing? | Small trial on normal subjects |
What is the second phase of human testing? | Small trial on diseased subjects. |
What is the third phase of human testing? | Large multi-center trials (FDA approval0 |
What is the fourth phase of human testing? | post-marketing surveillance |
What are sources of drug information? | Drug inserts or monographs American hospital formulary service PDR PDA Micromedex World wide Web |
What is the chemical name? | It indicates the chemical structure for the manufacturing process |
What is the generic name? | A non-proprietary name Given by the USAN lower case letters |
What is the trade name? | The brand name These names are capitalized |
What is the indication and usage? | Reasons why you would use the medication. |
What are contraindications? | Reasons why you would not use the medication. |
Additive effect | Where both drugs have the same effect on a specific sign or symptom. 1+1=2 |
Synergism | When the combination of two drugs can cause a much greater reaction than simply the sum of the effects of each drug. 1+1=3 |
Drug potentiation | When one of the drugs have no direct effect and increases the response of the other drug which usually has a lesser effect. 1+0=3 |
What is an adverse drug reaction? | An unintented side effect |
First pass effect? | Liver metabolism |
Enteral route? | Gastrointestinal. Has a systemic effect and goes through the first pass effect. PO, most common and convenient |
Parenteral route | Injections Fast Acting Bypasses "first-pass effect" drugs must be soluble |
Topical route | Skin/mucous membranes More localized vs. systemic with less side effects |
Transdermal | Patch |
What are four things that effect bioavailability? | solubility of the drug dosage form route of administration Ph values |
What are pharmacokinetics? | Movement of drugs through the body |
What are the four phases of pharmokinetics? | Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination |
Absorbtion | Occurs when drug passes from administration site to the blood stream |
Bioavailability | Measure of drug the makes it to the blood stream |
Steady state | continued infustion |
Therapuetic range | Effective theraputic blood level of drug |
Distribution | After absorbed the blood stream distributes drug to receptor sites |
What affects distribution | Blood pressure/blood floow Fat/H20 solubility protein binding (Albumin/globulin) |
Metabolism | The liver is the organ for metabolism. breaks down into metabolites oxidation system |
Elimination | Kidneys and Urine (feces, skin,lungs) |
Pharmacodynamics | What the drug does to the body |
What are complete prescription orders? | Date,Time Procedure,therapy Medication and dosage Route of administration frequency special instructions physicians signature |
The 5 rights | Right drug Right dose Right Patient right Time Right Route (always check allergies) |
Therapist driven protocols | Used widely today Save time and money Have shown decreased lengths of stay Gives the RCP more flexibility Better Patient outcomes More job satisfaction |
selectivity | The extent to which a drug affects a specific receptor site THe more specific the less side effects |
Lock and Key receptor theory | Interaction between a drug or receptor. Only one drug can fit that receptor |
Racemic mixtures | Drugs that contain two compounds(isomers) that may have different activity |
Agonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and cause an effect |
Antagonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and block an effect |
Potency | (strength) Amount of drug required to cause a desired effect |
Tolerance | Decrease in suceptability to a drug's effect from continued use |
Desensitization | Repeated exposure to a drug over a period of time that causes effect to decrease |
Half- Life | Time required for blood/plasma concentration to fall to half the original concentration |
Loading dose | Gets the concentration of drug up quickly |
Maintenence dose | Maintains the level in blood, keeps drug at a theraputic level |
Toxicology | The study of drugs as they relate to poisons (2-5 million per year) |
Emetics | Agents that induce vomiting |
Theraputic index | measurement of a drugs safety |
C | With |
S | Without |
P | After |
A | Before |
ac | before meals |
bid | twice a day |
cap | capsule |
cc | cubic centimeter |
IM | intramuscular |
IV | Intravenous |
L | liter |
ml | mililiter |
npo | nothing by mouth |
pc | after meals |
po | by mouth |
prn | as needed |
q | every |
qh | every hour |
qid | four times daily |
q.2h | every 2 hours |
q.3h | every 3 hours |
q.4h | every 4 hours |
Rx | Take |
sig | directions |
stat | immediately |
tab | tablets |
tid | three times daily |
ut dict | as directed |