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General Pharmacologi
General Pharmacologic Principals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a drug? | Any chemical that alters an organsim state |
| What is pharmacology? | The study of drugs and their actions |
| What is disease management? | The collective management of all aspects of a patients disease |
| What is the average cost of developing a new drug on the market? | 1.3-1.7 billion |
| What are some sources of drugs? | Plants, animals, minerals, chemicals, DNA |
| When was the FDA established? | 1938 |
| What does the FDA do? | regulate drug testing and approve new drugs on the market |
| How does the FDA treat herbals? | They treat them as dietary suppliments. |
| What is the first stage of testing for drug development? | Testing on animals. |
| What is the first phase of human testing? | Small trial on normal subjects |
| What is the second phase of human testing? | Small trial on diseased subjects. |
| What is the third phase of human testing? | Large multi-center trials (FDA approval0 |
| What is the fourth phase of human testing? | post-marketing surveillance |
| What are sources of drug information? | Drug inserts or monographs American hospital formulary service PDR PDA Micromedex World wide Web |
| What is the chemical name? | It indicates the chemical structure for the manufacturing process |
| What is the generic name? | A non-proprietary name Given by the USAN lower case letters |
| What is the trade name? | The brand name These names are capitalized |
| What is the indication and usage? | Reasons why you would use the medication. |
| What are contraindications? | Reasons why you would not use the medication. |
| Additive effect | Where both drugs have the same effect on a specific sign or symptom. 1+1=2 |
| Synergism | When the combination of two drugs can cause a much greater reaction than simply the sum of the effects of each drug. 1+1=3 |
| Drug potentiation | When one of the drugs have no direct effect and increases the response of the other drug which usually has a lesser effect. 1+0=3 |
| What is an adverse drug reaction? | An unintented side effect |
| First pass effect? | Liver metabolism |
| Enteral route? | Gastrointestinal. Has a systemic effect and goes through the first pass effect. PO, most common and convenient |
| Parenteral route | Injections Fast Acting Bypasses "first-pass effect" drugs must be soluble |
| Topical route | Skin/mucous membranes More localized vs. systemic with less side effects |
| Transdermal | Patch |
| What are four things that effect bioavailability? | solubility of the drug dosage form route of administration Ph values |
| What are pharmacokinetics? | Movement of drugs through the body |
| What are the four phases of pharmokinetics? | Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination |
| Absorbtion | Occurs when drug passes from administration site to the blood stream |
| Bioavailability | Measure of drug the makes it to the blood stream |
| Steady state | continued infustion |
| Therapuetic range | Effective theraputic blood level of drug |
| Distribution | After absorbed the blood stream distributes drug to receptor sites |
| What affects distribution | Blood pressure/blood floow Fat/H20 solubility protein binding (Albumin/globulin) |
| Metabolism | The liver is the organ for metabolism. breaks down into metabolites oxidation system |
| Elimination | Kidneys and Urine (feces, skin,lungs) |
| Pharmacodynamics | What the drug does to the body |
| What are complete prescription orders? | Date,Time Procedure,therapy Medication and dosage Route of administration frequency special instructions physicians signature |
| The 5 rights | Right drug Right dose Right Patient right Time Right Route (always check allergies) |
| Therapist driven protocols | Used widely today Save time and money Have shown decreased lengths of stay Gives the RCP more flexibility Better Patient outcomes More job satisfaction |
| selectivity | The extent to which a drug affects a specific receptor site THe more specific the less side effects |
| Lock and Key receptor theory | Interaction between a drug or receptor. Only one drug can fit that receptor |
| Racemic mixtures | Drugs that contain two compounds(isomers) that may have different activity |
| Agonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and cause an effect |
| Antagonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and block an effect |
| Potency | (strength) Amount of drug required to cause a desired effect |
| Tolerance | Decrease in suceptability to a drug's effect from continued use |
| Desensitization | Repeated exposure to a drug over a period of time that causes effect to decrease |
| Half- Life | Time required for blood/plasma concentration to fall to half the original concentration |
| Loading dose | Gets the concentration of drug up quickly |
| Maintenence dose | Maintains the level in blood, keeps drug at a theraputic level |
| Toxicology | The study of drugs as they relate to poisons (2-5 million per year) |
| Emetics | Agents that induce vomiting |
| Theraputic index | measurement of a drugs safety |
| C | With |
| S | Without |
| P | After |
| A | Before |
| ac | before meals |
| bid | twice a day |
| cap | capsule |
| cc | cubic centimeter |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IV | Intravenous |
| L | liter |
| ml | mililiter |
| npo | nothing by mouth |
| pc | after meals |
| po | by mouth |
| prn | as needed |
| q | every |
| qh | every hour |
| qid | four times daily |
| q.2h | every 2 hours |
| q.3h | every 3 hours |
| q.4h | every 4 hours |
| Rx | Take |
| sig | directions |
| stat | immediately |
| tab | tablets |
| tid | three times daily |
| ut dict | as directed |
Created by:
kparkerlehman
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