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Exam 5
Test 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the principal driving force of mass wasting? | Gravity |
| What factors control slope stability? | Solid Bedrock |
| What may trigger mass wasting? | Torrential rain,earthquakes,volcanic eruptions |
| Mass wasting process are based on: | A.Typeof Material,Type of Motion,Rate of Movement |
| What processes might be involved in moving water from the atmosphere to groundwater? | The Hydrologic cycle |
| Where is most of the Earth's freshwater involved? | Oceans |
| Where is most of the water on Earth located? | oceans |
| Drainage basin/watershed | total land area from which precipitation reaches a stream |
| Mass Wasting | downslope movement of rock, sediment and soil under the direct influence of gravity |
| Water | excessive amounts can cause stable slopes to fail |
| Oversteepened slopes | |
| Slope composition | solid bedrock is more stable; unconsolidated material remains stable until slope exceeds angle of repose |
| Creep | (mm or cm per year)caused by expansion/contraction of loose sediment due to wetting and drying or freezing and thawing |
| Solifluction | movement of loose material over a layer of permafrost |
| Fall | rock or sediment breaks free from a steep or vertical slope and falls (through the air)to the ground below |
| Slide | a single intact mass of rock, soil, or unconsolidated material detaches and moves downward along a plane of weakness, or slip plane |
| Slump | movement of rock of regolith as a unit along a curved surface |
| Flow | fluid movement or rock fragments/soil |
| Earthflow | usually form on hillside in wet climates when water saturates the soil |
| Debris Flow and mudflow | rapid movement of sediment and water in stream channels, usually in semiarid, mountainous regions |
| Rock avalanche | swift and dangerous. Occurs on steep slopes. Huge volume of material detaches, crashes to the ground and continues at high velocity downslope. May move on cushion of compressed air. |
| Ft/miles=80 ft/3 miles=26.66 ft/m | |
| The hydrologic cycle | movement of water from one reservoir to another in the Earth system |
| Stream | water that flows in a channel |
| Drainage divide | area of high topography which separates one drainage basin from another |
| Velocity | distance/time; Not uniform within a stream; Faster in deep part of channel; faster on the outside of a curve |
| Gradient(slope) | =vertical drop/horizontal distance decreases downstream |
| Discharge | volume of water passing by an area per unit of time |
| Base level | the lowest level to which the stream can erode(often sea level) |
| Graded | there is little net erosion or deposition |
| Incised meanders | meandering channel in steep, narrow rocky channel |
| Stream terraces | remnants of a former floodplain |
| Drainage patterns | Dendritic, Radial, Rectangular, Trellis. |
| Suspended load | small particles that remain suspended in the water |
| Bed load | larger particles that move along the stream bottom |
| Saltation | bouncing |
| Traction | rolling along the bottom |
| Capacity | maximum load a stream can transport |
| Competence | the maximum particle size that a stream can transport |
| Meandering channels | forms sweeping bends(meanders) |
| Braided channels | stream choked with sandbars, no clear main channel |
| Point bar | inside bank of a meander |
| Channel bar | mid channel |
| Cut bank | eroding outer bank of a meander |
| Oxbow lake | lake formed when a meander is cut off |
| Meander scar | oxbow lake filled in with sediments |
| Backswamp | wetland on a floodplain |
| Natural leaves | deposited on stream bank during a flood |
| Yazoo tributary | flows parallel to main stream because natural levee is present |
| Alluvial fan | deposition at the Foot of mountains |
| Delta | Deposition into Standing Water |
| Zone of aeration(unsaturated zone) | pore spaces contain both air and water |
| zone of saturation | pore spaces are filled with water |
| water table | top of zone of saturation(a.may change seasonally or year to year,b.generally follows surface topography) |
| recharge | infiltration of water(mostly from precipitation)into the groundwater system |
| gaining streams | gain water because groundwater flows into streambed(if water table is above the stream) |
| losing streams | lose water that flows through streambed underground(if water table is below the stream) |
| porosity | volume of pore space in rock or sediment(expressed as percent %) |
| permeability | ability of a material to transmit water |
| aquifer | a body of geologic material that can store and can transmit significant amounts of groundwater |
| unconfined aquifer | aquifer that has no overlying impermeable rock or soil |
| Confined aquifer | aquifer that is sandwiched between impermeable rock layers |
Created by:
danyy30
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