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historical geol 3
Oceanography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Currents/Ocean Water Movement | Marine Environments |
| deep-sea currents, cold and salty | density contrast currents |
| Antarctic Bottom Water | AABW |
| very cold dense water around Antarctica sinks | AABW |
| flows along ocean bottoms northward | AABW |
| North Atlantic Deep Water | NADW |
| cold dense water from the Arctic Ocean | NADW |
| sinks and flows southward above the AABW | NADW |
| cool dense water from Mediterranean and Antarctica | intermediate waters |
| sinks and flows above NADW | intermediate waters |
| wind controlled | upwelling zones |
| cool water moves to the surface | upwelling zones |
| replaces water pulled from basin margins by gyres | upwelling zones |
| water often rich in nutrients (Si, P, N) | upwelling zones |
| wind driven | Surface Waves |
| circular particle motion at sea | Surface Waves |
| near-shore/shallow depths | Surface Waves |
| elliptical particle motion | Surface Waves |
| wave base/bottom = back and forth particle motion | Surface Waves |
| waves steepen and break at very shallow depths | Surface Waves |
| abrasion, concussion | surf zone |
| particle rounding | surf zone |
| strong erosion, winnowing | Surface Waves |
| sediment size sorting, often cross-bedded | Surface Waves |
| water/sediment motion parallel to the shore | longshore drift/longshore currents |
| wave motion oblique to the shoreline | longshore drift/longshore currents |
| rotation of the Earth beneath tidal bulges | tides |
| result from gravitational attraction of sun and moon | tidal bulges |
| . ~ 2 tidal cycles every 24 hours | tides |
| zone effected by tidal water changes | intertidal zone |
| large changes in environmental conditions | intertidal zone |
| temperature changes | environmental conditions |
| high particle concentration in the water | environmental conditions |
| usually high a energy environment | intertidal zone |
| often fringed by marshes | intertidal zone |
| formed by low-growing plants | marshes |
| low energy zones of mud accumulation | marshes |
| usually dry | supratidal zone |
| exceptionally high tides cause flooding | supratidal zone |
| never exposed to air | subtidal zone |
| zone of light penetration through ocean water | Photic Zone |
| 100-200 meters penetration | Photic Zone |
| 200 m is the ~ shelf break depth in many areas | Photic Zone |
| life zone of the phytoplankton (microscopic plants) | zone of photosynthesis |
| marine (flooded) extension of a continent | Continental Shelf |
| represents 10% of the worlds continental area | Continental Shelf |
| end of the Shelf is marked by the Shelf Break | Continental Shelf |
| sediment collects here, builds up here | Continental Shelf |
| majority of the Earth's sedimentary strata formed here | Continental Shelf |
| zone of transition between continental and oceanic crust | Continental Slope |
| deepening water, erosion/deposition by turbidity currents | Continental Slope |
| cut by submarine canyons | Continental Slope |
| zone of terrigenous sediment accumulation | Continental Rise |
| ~3-6 kilometers deep | Abyssal plain |
| barrier islands | Ocean Margins |
| parallel to shoreline | barrier islands |
| sand build-up by wind and erosion | barrier islands |
| lagoons or bays | Ocean Margins |
| behind and protected by barrier islands | lagoons or bays |
| shallow, quiet, often warm water | lagoons or bays |
| often fringed by marshes in intertidal zone | lagoons or bays |
| plant accumulations may form peat | lagoons or bays |
| epicontinental sea | Ocean Margins |
| semi-isolated | epicontinental sea |
| broad flooding of low elevation continental areas | epicontinental sea |
| example: Hudson Bay in Canada | epicontinental sea |
| floaters | Planktonic |
| phytoplankton living in the photic zone | plants |
| diatoms | phytoplankton |
| dinoflagellates | phytoplankton |
| calcareous nannoplankton | phytoplankton |
| zooplankton which eat other plankton | animals |
| single cell Protozoans; forams, radiolarians | zooplankton |
| planktonic Foraminifera- CaCO3 | forams |
| SiO2 | radiolarians |
| primarily swimmers like fish; multicellular organisms | nektonic organisms |
| primarily bottom dwellers; multicellular organisms | benthonic organisms |
| burrowing organisms | benthonic organisms |
| boring organisms | benthonic organisms |
| grazing organisms | benthonic organisms |
| draw food from the water | suspension feeders |
| consume sediment, use organics as food | deposit feeders |
| amoeba-like organisms - benthic forams | pseudopod feeders |
| fall in several categories | bacteria |
| dictates the type of shell which can easily be built | temperature |
| CaCO3 | warm water |
| calcareous nannoplankton | warm water |
| reefs | warm water |
| forams | warm water |
| SiO2 | cold water |
| diatoms | cold water |
| radiolarians | cold water |
| generally ranges from 30-40 parts per thousand salts | salinity |
| low salinity | brackish water |
| ocean margin bays and lagoons | brackish water |
| fresh water dilution from rivers | brackish water |
| high salinity | hypersaline water |
| ocean margin bays and lagoons | hypersaline water |
| salt concentration by evaporation | hypersaline water |
Created by:
lmulke1
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