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A&P 2 Respiration
Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upper respiratory tract consists of | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, paranasal cavities |
| Lower respiratory tract consists of | larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli, alveoli, |
| Phases of respiration | 1)breathing/ventilation (atm and lung) 2)external respiration (lung and blood) 3)internal resp (blood and tissues) 4)cellular resp (activate glucose for energy) |
| List some functions of the respiratory system | filter air, antibacterial (hairs, cilia, mucous and moisture, phagocyte in nasal passageway and lungs, Ig's(IgA), lysozyme production of song/phonation olfaction production of ACE regulate pH |
| Functional divisions of the respiratory system | conduction portion, respiratory/exchange surfaces |
| Nose | nostrils, vestibule, nasal cavity, internal nares, paranasal sinuses |
| Pharynx | nasal pharynx, oral pharynx, laryngopharynx |
| Waldyer's ring | make up the tonsils pharyngeal tonsil palatine tonsil lingual tonsil |
| Larynx | 9 cartilages and tendons, etc anterior cartilage - epiglottis thyroid cartilage - adam's apple, medial to thyroid glands |
| epiglotitis | inflammation of epiglottis, caused by HiB which also causes meningitis (hemophilus influenza) |
| Pleural membrane | the membrane which encloses the lungs |
| How many lobes does each lung have? | 2 on the left, 3 on the right |
| compliance | ability of lung to expand to respond to pressure and pull |
| Which nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract? | Phrenic nerve |
| thorax | thoracic cavity |
| which muscles are involved in inhalation? | intercostal muscles |
| Forced inhalation involves which additional activities? | contraction of neck and shoulder muscles: stenocleidomastoid |
| Forced exhalation involves which additional activities? | abdominal muscles: rectus abdominus contract and push inwards internal intercostal muscles contract and decrease size of thorax |
| Which nerves innervate the intercostal muscles? | Thoracic spinal nerves |
| Bronchial smooth muscles is innervated by which nervous system? | Both sympathetic (bronchodilation) and parasympathetic (ACh)(bronchoconstriction) |
| Alveolar sacs consists of these cells: | Septal I, Septal II cells, and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) |
| Name the 4 respiratory membranes: | Alveolar epithelium Alveolar basement membrane Capillary basement membrane Capillary endothelium membrane |
| Surfactant | Septal II cells secrete this to break up surface tension |
| Septal I cells | secrete small amount of fluid which lines alveoli |
| Respirometer | Measures ventilation |
| Tidal Volume | TV - amt of air moving in/out of lungs with quiet respiration ~500mL, higher for males |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | amt of air forcibly inhaled beyond the TV (300mL) |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | amt of air forcibly exhaled beyong TV 1100-1500mL |
| Residual volume | amt of air remaining in lungs beyond ERV 1100-1200mL |
| minimal volume | amt of air remaining in lungs despite collapse of lungs 500-600mL |
| Vital capacity | TV+IRV+ERV maximum air that can be handled by lungs |
| Emphysema | difficulty in exhaling, lower elasticity, ERV impaired destruction of alveolar walls low surface area for respiration infections more likely, pneumonia, COPD |
| MS, Myasthenia Gravis - chest muscle disorders | IRV, ERV impaired |
| Describe the epithelial membrane of the trachea and bronchi | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
| Describe the layers of the trachea and bronchi | epithelium lamina propria with mucous glands C shape ring of cartilage (hyaline)(ventral) trachealis muscle (dorsal) |
| what causes TB? | mycobacterium tuberculosa - fungal, require acid fast stain |
| Respiratory groups in the medulla oblongata | DRG, VRG |
| DRG | quiet respiration |
| VRG | forced respiration |
| Apneustic center | stimulates DRG - prolongs inhalation |
| Pneumotaxic center | antagonistic to apneustic center - stimulates exhalation |
| factors affecting brain respiratory centers | pH of blood (CSF) chemoreceptors - carotid, aorta, brain baroreceptors - aorta, carotid stretch receptors - lung, chest wall |
| Hering Breuer reflex | prevents overinflation of lungs |
| what is the percent saturation of arterial blood? | 97-98% |
| how does lower pH affect oxygen dissociation curve? | low pH means HIGH CO2, curve shifts to the right |
| high temp vs oxygen dissociation | breaks the bond, shifts to the right |
| High 2,3 DPG vs O2 dissociation | binds to Hg, decreases affinity to O2, shifts to the right |
| Bohr Shift | decrease in pH causes curve to shift to the right |
| Chloride shift | entry of Cl- into RBC for HCO3- |
| The Bends - Caisson disease | due to nitrogen gas leaving solution too rapidly, causing microbubbles in the blood - stroke, pain, etc |
| altitude sickness | aches from fluid accumulation, disoriented, low O2 |
| hiccups | spasmodic inhalation followed by sudden closing of glottis |
| Asthma | constriction of bronchi/bronchioles, accumulation of fluid, edema of lining, hypersensitive |
| Cystic Fibrosis | cysts in pancreas increase in connective tissue, acc of mucus in lungs and air passages, inc infections and pneumonias, dec digestive enzymes in sm int and pancreas autosomal recessive gene defects in Cl- channels sweat is salty vibrating jacket |
Created by:
jenbolaya
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