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Ch 33a
Exam 4: Population Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of interactions of organisms with each other and the physical environment | ecology |
| all the organisms within an area belonging to the same species | population |
| Interested in: | Growth and Regulation |
| consists of all the various populations at a locale an the structure that results | community |
| An ecosystem is a community of populations and... | the abiotic (nonliving) environment |
| energy... chemical... | flow; cycling |
| The biosphere is the portion of the entire earth’s surface where... | living things exist |
| population density | Number of individuals per unit area (Ex: number of rabbits per hectare) |
| population distribution | Dispersal pattern of individuals |
| population distribution can be: | uniform; random; clumped (as in Humans) -Interactions cause clumping, -sampling problems |
| growth rate | (births per 1000)-(deaths per 1000); for ex: 40 births - 15 deaths = 25 = 2.5% |
| like compound interest | exponential growth |
| exponential growth: – Growth at ______ (highest rate an organism can reproduce) | biotic potential |
| exponential growth: – Growth associated with a small population in area of ______ | abundant resources |
| exponential growth: – Produces a so-called _____ curve | J-shaped |
| Lag phase | slow growth (small population) |
| Log phase | very rapid growth |
| Net growth can be increasing even when the growth rate has _____ | decreased |
| The larger the _____, the larger the increase from generation to generation | population |
| conditions that limit exponential growth | environmental resistance |
| environmental resistance results in leveling off of growth due to: | limited supply of food; accumulation of waste products; increased disease, predation or competition |
| Logistic growth: results in ______ growth curve | S-shaped |
| little growth because births and deaths are about equal | Stable equilibrium phase |
| number of individuals the environment can normally support | Carrying capacity |
| Exponential growth only occurs when population size is much lower than the _____ | carrying |
| Populations don’t always reach ______ equilibrium, instead a _______ can occur because habitat is destroyed (Ex: overgrazing) | stable; crash |
| Survivorship curves provide an understanding of life span as it relates to ______ | reproduction |
| Type I: | Most individuals live past midpoint, most of population dies near end of life span (Humans) |
| Type II: | death occurs at a constant rate throughout life span (song birds) |
| Type III: | Most individuals die very young (oysters) |
| Population regulation: Extrinsic factors | environment |
| density-dependent | Increases with increase in population size (feedback); disease, predation, competition |
| density-independent | fire, weather and natural disasters; Not tied to population density; Major effect on population size |
| In reality there is ______ between density-dependent and independent factors | an interaction |
| Population regulation: Intrinsic factors | (based on anatomy, physiology, or behavior) Territories; Indigo Buntings |
| Life History Patterns: 2 extremes - | opportunistic patterns (r-selected); equilibrium patterns (K-selected) |
| opportunistic patterns (r-selected) | Survive population crashes; disperse well; Small, short lifespan, little or no offspring care, Ex: weeds |
| equilibrium patterns (K-selected) | compete well; potential for extinction; large, long life span, mature slow, few offspring, high parental care, Ex: grizzly bears;.....age structure |
Created by:
chelsea_2010
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