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micro exam III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| innate (nonspecific) immunity | refers to defenses that are present at birth, always present and available to provide rapid response |
| adaptive (specific) immunity | refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses |
| formed elements | cells and cell fragments in blood |
| granulocyte | leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm and can be seen under microscope |
| neutrophil | granulocyte - granules stain pale lilac, also commonly called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or polymorphs, highly phagocytic and motile, active in inital stages of infection |
| basophils | granules stain blue-purple, important in inflamation and allergy response, release histamine |
| eosinophils | granules stain red-orange produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, such as helminths...keeps worms out |
| dendritic cells | have long extensions, abundant on the epidermis, mucous membranes, the thymus and lymph nodes, destroy microbes by phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immunity responses...classified with granulocytes |
| agranulocyte | have granules in cytoplasm but the granules aren't visible under microscope |
| monocytes | not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues and mature in macrophages |
| macrophages | dispose of worn out blood cells |
| lymphocytes | agranular, include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, NK cells have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cenlls and certain tumor cells |
| T cells & B cells | agranulocytes, not phagocytic but play a key role in adaptive immunity, occur in lymphatic system, T cells direct attack...B cells antibodies, NK cells will attack anything not part of you |
| platelets | blood clot formation |
| phagocytosis | greek word, "eat and cell", WBC's ingest microorganisms or other particles such as debris by a cell |
| fixed macrophages aka histiocytes | found in the liver (kupffer's cells) lungs, nervous system, bronchial tubes, spleen |
| wandering macrophages | roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation |
| chemotaxis | chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms |
| ingestion | plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism |
| phagosome | psuedopods meet and fuse, surrounding the microorganism with a sac |
| phagolysosome | phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single larger structure |
| parenteral route | establish entry by ways of puntures, wounds, bites, cuts, surgery |
| ID 50 | virulence of a microbe is expressed...infectious dose for 50 |
| potency of a toxin is often expressed as the | LD 50, lethal dose for 50% of the population |
| means pathogens have of attaching themselves to host tissues at their portal of entry | adherence |
| plasma protein formed by liver to form blood clots | coagulases |
| bacterial enzymes that break down fibrin and digest blood clots formed by the body to isolate infection | kinases |
| enzyme secreted by bacteria, streptococci, hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a type of polysaccharide that holds together certain cells of the body, like CT | hyalunronidase |
| facilitates the spread of gas gangrene | collagenase |
| antigenic variation | altering the surface antigens, so it will be unaffected by anitbodies |
| siderophores | sequester iron |
| toxigenicity | the capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins |
| toxemia | presence of toxins in the blood |
| antibodies that provide immunity to exotoxins | antitoxins |
| released when gram negative bacteria die and their call walls undergo lysis, heat stable, | endotoxins |
| inclusion bodies | granules found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells...viral parts, nucleic acids or proteins |
| substance produced by virus infected cells | interferons |
| toxin produced by fungi | ergot |
| neurotoxin produced by algae, such as Alexandrium | saxitoxin |
| defenses present at birth, quick to respond | innate (nonspecific) immunity |
| defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses, slow to respond | adaptive (specific) immunity |
| natural killer cells, T cells, B cells | lymphocytes |
| ingestion of a microorganism or other debris by a cell | phagocytosis |
| chemotaxis | chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms |
| residual body | indigestible waste discharged outside the cell by phagolysosome |
| substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels | kinins |
| substances released by damaged cells,intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls | prostaglandins |
| small double stranded circular DNA molecules | plasmids |
Created by:
coryhagen
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