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theory of evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | change over time;the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
| what was CHARLES DARWIN'S contribution to science? | DARWIN developed a theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over lon periods of time from common ancestors. |
| what did DARWIN notice about biodiversity around the world? | places around the world that had similar habitats often had different animals that were ecologically similar. |
| fossil | the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms |
| what did DARWIN notice about biodiversity within a local area? | DARWIN noticed that different,related species often lived in different habitats within a local area. |
| what did darwin notice when he compared some fossils to living organisms? | darwin noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species. |
| what did hutton and lyell conclude about earth's history? | that earth is extremely old. also,the processes that changed earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present. |
| artificial selection | the selective breeding of plants and animals and animals to promote desirable traits in offspring. |
| adaptation | a heritable charateristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| natural selection | the process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce successfully;also called the survival of the fittest. |
| biogeography | the study of the past and present distribution of organisms |
| homologous structures | structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry. |
| analogous structures | structures that are similar in function but not structure;they do not suggest common ancestry |
| vestigal structer | a structure that is reduced in size and has little or no function |
| how do fossils help to show the decent of modern species from ancient ancestors? | many recently discovered fossils from series that trace the evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors. |
| how can molecular biology be used to trace the process of evolution? | the universal genetic code and homologous molecules provide molecular evidence of evolution. |
| gene pool | all the genes including all the different alleles for each gene,that are present in a population at any one time. |
| allele frequency | the number of times that an allel occurs ina gene pool,compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene. |
| single-gene trait | a trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles |
| polygenic trait | a trait controlled by two or more genes. |
| how does natural selection affect single-gene traits? | natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in alleles frequencies.this leads to changes in phenotype frequencies. |
| directional selection | a form of naturalbselection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curvebhave higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve. |
| stabilizing selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher than individuals at either end of the curve. |
| disruptive selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have a higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve. |
| genetic drift | a random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurences that cause an allele to become more or less common |
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