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Biology-chapter 8

Cell Reproduction

QuestionAnswer
What is mitosis? The division of the nucleus/ asexual reproduction
What are chromosomes? Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins
What do histones do? Help maintain shape to the chromosome and help on the tight packing of DNA
What are chromatids? When the chromosome consists of two identical halfs each is called this (before cell division.)
Where are the two chromatids attached at? The centromere
What is a chromatin? The name of less tightly coiled DNA
What are human and animal chromosomes categorized as? Sex chromosomes or autosomes
What are the two copies of autosomes called? Homologous chromosomes
What is a diploid cell? Cells having 2 sets of chromosomes/ all human cells except reproductive cells are normally these
What are haploid cells? Sperm cells and egg cells/ contain 1 set of chromosomes (have half the number of chromosomes that are present in diploid cells)
What is cell division? The process by which cells produce offspring cells
What is binary fission? The division of a prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring cells
What is asexual reproduction? The production of offspring from one parent
What are gametes? Haploid reproductive cells
What is interphase? The time between cell division
What is cytokinesis? The division of the cells cytoplasm/ when the cytoplasm divides
What happens in the G1 phase? (mitosis) Cell grows
What happens in the S phase? (mitosis) The cells DNA is copied
What happens in the G2 phase? Cell prepares for cell division
List the phases of mitosis Pro, meta, ana, telo
Describe prophase (mitosis and meiosis) DNA shortens and continues tight coiling
What are centrosomes? Dark spots that appear next to the disappearing nucleus
What are centrioles? In animanl cells, each centrosome contains a pair of small cylindrical bodies called this
What is made when the centrosomes separate? Spindle fibers (made when microtubules separate from the centosomes in preparation for the metaphase)
What is the array of spindle fibers called? Mitotic spindle, which equally divides the chromatids (2 types: kinetochore fibers and polar fibers
Describe metaphase DNA lines up in the middle
Describe anaphase The chromatids separate and move slowly towards oppisite poles
Describe telophase Spindle fibers disassemble and return to a less coiled state/ a nuclear envelop forms around each new set of chromosomes and a nucleolus forms in each new forming cell
What is a cleavage furrow? An area of the (animal) cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two
What do plant cells form instead of cleavage furrows? A cell wall
What happens when the control of cell growth is lost? Cancer
What is meiosis? A sexual process of nuclear division/ in animals it produces gametes
Describe prophase 1 DNA tightly coils into chromosomes and spindle fibers appear/synapsis also occurs
What is synapsis? The pairing of homologous chromosomes (does not occur in mitosis)
What is each pair of homologous chromosomes called? Tetrad
What is crossing over? When portions of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome
What is genetic recombination? The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents
Describe metaphase 1 The terrace line up randomly along midline of the dividing cell
Describe anaphase 1 The random separation of the homologous chromosomes (called independent assortment)
Created by: Diannalee11
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