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molecular genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Watson & Crick (1953) | Proposed the double helix structure. Hypothesized semiconservative replication (replicates itself) of DNA |
| Purines | Adenine and Guanine --Double ring structure |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine and Thymine --Single ring structures A bonds with T--double hydrogen bond C bonds with G--single hydrogen bond |
| Double Helix (DNA) | 2 strands Run anti-parallel (opposite directions) to each other. --5' to 3' and 3' to 5' (five prime to three prime, etc) |
| Nucleotide Structure | Phosphate 5-carbon Sugar (deoxyridbose or ribose) Nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base= A, T, C, G, or U |
| Origin of Replication | "bubbles" beginning of replication |
| Replication Fork | 'Y' shaped region where new strands of DNA are elongating |
| DNA Helicase | Catalyzed the untwisting of the DNA at the replication fork. |
| DNA polymerase | Catalyzes the elongation of new DNA--hooks bases together |
| Antiparallel nature | One strand runs 5' to 3' while the other runs 3' to 5'. DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides at the free 3' end. --Forms new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction only |
| Leading Strand | Synthesis toward the replication fork (only in a 5' to 3' direction from the 3' to 5' master strand) |
| Lagging Strand | Synthesis away from the replication fork.. Joined by DNA ligase (must wait for 3' end to open; again in a 5' to 3' direction) |
| Initiation | Needs a primer. DNA polymerase can't initiate a polynucleotide strand, it can only add toe the 3' end of an already-started strand. Primer=short segment of RNA synthesized by the enzyme "primase". |
| Central Dogma of Biology | DNA-->RNA-->Protein Consists of transcription, RNA processing, and translocation |
| Transcription | Process by which DNA makes RNA. Transcription unit=the stretch of DNA being transcribed 3 stages=Initiation, Elongation, and Termination This unprocessed version of mRNA is called the intitial transcript. |
| Initiation (transcription) | RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter |
| Elongation | RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of growing chain |
| Termination | Stops transcription after the termination sequence. |
| RNA Processing | 5' Cap=modified guanine, added to end of mRNA Poly=a tail, added to 3' end Cap and Tail=Protect the mRNA, and help it attach to ribosome. The processed mRNA that leaves nucleus is much smaller, and contains only exons=coding regions. |
| Wobble | Relaxation of base pairing rules for the 3rd nucleotide in a codon. --E.g. UCU, UCC,UCA, UCG all code for the same amino acid- Serine |
| Introns | Found in eukaryotic DNA, not present in bacterial DNA. Do not code for anything. Removed during RNA processing. |
| Exons | Expressed sequences=genes. Code for proteins |
| TATA Box ("start here") | Critical for transcription. Area within the promoter that mediates binding of a) transcription factores and b) RNA polymerase to the initiation site. Stops when reaches terminator |
| DNA Repair | DNA polymerase. Nucleotide excision repair: if missed by DNA polymerase--nuclease |
| Prions | "infectious proteins" "mad cow disease"; trigger chain reaction conversions; a transmissible protein. |
Created by:
MahaylaCoomer
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