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MICB 3301 Exam 3
Immunology, Diversity, and Symbiosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fruiting Body | Tertiary structure composed of many cells |
| Bacillus Sporulation Steps | 1) Stimulus: Starvation 2) Cell differentiates into Mother Cell and Forespore 3) Mother Cell Lyses and Forespore becomes spore. |
| Characteristic of the Spore Stage | Dormant/Stress resistant |
| Sporulation Steps | 1) Asymmetric Cell Division/Replication of Chromosome/Formation of Septum 2) Engulfment of Forespore by Mother Cell 3) Mother Cell coats forespore with a protein layer 4) Mother Cell Lysis |
| Germination | Breaking spores' dormant stage |
| Antrax causing spore and steps of infection | B. anthracis --> 1) Spores inhaled 2)Spores taken up by macrophage 3) Germination of spores |
| Mechanism of Sensing Starvation | 2 Component Signal Transduction System: His - Asp bond --> Response regulator binds to Asp and promotes transcription of operons |
| Sigma Factor | Directs RNA polymerase to specific locations (transcription factors) |
| Anabaena | Exhibits photosynthesis AND N-Fixation. Problem: Photosynthesis produces O2, and N-Fixation is anaerobic. Solution: Convert vegetative cells into specialized cells (heterocysts) devoid of O2 that fix N2. |
| Elementary Body | Dormant, infectious, extracellular particle (generally endocytosed into host cell) |
| Reticulate Body | Reproductive, intracellular, infectious particle. |
| Caulobacter | Gram -, Dimorphic: Swarmer Cell (Motile) and Stalk Cell (Non-Motile) |
| Properties of Bacterial Stalk | Loaded with transport pathways, brings nutrients, increases surface area |
| Holdfast | Polysaccharide at the tip of a stalk used for attachment |
| Conditions in which a bacterial stalk will extend | Phosphate-limiting conditions |
| Myxospores | Spores at the apex of the fruiting body (~10-20% of the fruiting body cells) |
| Movement of fruiting body by group | Social Motility |
| Movement of fruiting body by single cells | Adventurous |
| Type IV Pili | Movement via extension/retraction (Twitching motility) |
| Adventurous Motility (Mechanism) | Slime from nozzles at cell poles |
| Hydrogenosomes | In protists with no mitochondria (mitchondria substitute). Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA, CO2, H2 Acetyl-CoA -> Acetate (+ATP) |
| Coccoliths | Platelets of CaCO3 --> Composes the surface of Emiliania huxley (Photosynthetic Algae) |
| Encystment | Development into the dormant stage (cyst) |
| Excystment | Escape from cyst to metabolically active stage. |
| Trophozoite | Motile form of sporozoans |
| Common fungi in mutualism in plant roots | Mycorrhizal fungi |
| Microflora | Bacteria on/in us |
| Hyphae | Long branching filaments |
| Mycelium | Mass of hyphae |
| 3 Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction | Fission, Budding, and Spore Production |
| Driving force of diversity in fungi | Horizontal Gene Transfer (Asexual reproduction leads to identical genetic composition between parent and offspring) |
| Mechanism of Sexual Reproduction in Fungi | Hyphae meet and fuse --> Transfer of genes |
| Dikaryon | Single hypha with 2 nuclei |
| What is analyzed to categorize fungi? | 18S rRNA |
| 4 subdivisions of Fungi | 1) Chytridiomycota, 2)Zygomycota, 3)Ascomycota, 4)Basidiomycota |
| Chytridiomycota | Simplest Fungi, Motile, flagellated zoospore |
| Zygomycota | Asexual sporangiospores and sexual zygospores |
| Ascomycota | Sac fungi (ascus) during sexual reproduction contains ascospores. Some form conidiospores |
| Basidiomycota | Club fungi (Mushrooms) |
| Basidium | Gill-like structure on basidiomycota that house the spores |
| Agaricus | Genus of basidiomycota that contain edible mushrooms |
| Amonita | Genus of basidiomycota that contain mushrooms that will mess you up (death angel) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Fungal pathogen, common in soil (lung/CNS pathogen) |
| Carbon Cycle | Carbon (CO2) Fixation -> Organic Matter -> CO2 via respiration/fermentation |
| Methanogens | CO2 -> CH4 |
| Methanotrophs | CH4 -> CO2 |
| Nitrogen Cycle | ATM N2 -> NH4 (Fixation via Nitrogenase). NH4 -> NO3 (Nitrobacter/Rhizodium). NO3 -> N2 (Denitrification) |
| Hypoxia | Depletion of O2 in a water source by excess breakdown by algae |
| Ectosymbiont | Organism ON another |
| Endosymbiont | Organism IN another |
| Amensalism | One Kills another (ex. Antibiotic Production) |
| Parasitism | One leeches off another |
| Conjugation | Direct cell-cell interaction (Transferring T-DNA) |
| Predation | Predator attacks/kills prey |
| Bdellovibrio | Drills itself into cell's periplasmic space and leeches nutrients |
| Commensalism | One benefits, one neutral |
| Mutualism | Both benefit (ex. N-Fixing Rhizobium and plants) |
| Zooxanthellae | On coral --> Leads to coral bleaching |
| Vibrio Fischeri | Occupy the "light organ" on a squid --> Luminescent |
| Protein responsible for luminescence | Luciferase |
| Quorum Sensing | Signalling via reaching a threshold concentration of signalling molecule. |
| Metagenomics | Analysis of genetic material derived from complete microbial communities harvested from natural environments |
| Wolbachia | Bacteria --> Infection causes wood louse to undergo sex change (feminization). Infects about 50% of insects in the world. |
| Parthenogenesis | Virgin Birth |
| Antigen | Foreign substances that provoke an immune response |
| Antibodies | Bind antigen and inactivate/eliminate them |
| Inate Immunity | Non-Specific, first line of defense. Fast, no memory. |
| Inate Immunity Cells | Macrophages, Neutrophils, and Dendritic Cells (All under the category of WBC, AKA Leukocytes) |
| Components | Anatomical Features (Skin), Toll-like receptors, Cytokines |
| Cytokines | Cell-signalling protein molecules |
| Adaptive Immunity | Specific, Slow-acting response WITH MEMORY. |
| Adaptive Immunity Cells | B, T, and Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
| Leukocytes: Cells of origin | Pluripotent Stem Cells in Bone Marrow |
| Macrophages: Cell of origin | Monocytes in Blood |
| Macrophage Mechanism of Action | Enter/Reside in tissue --> Phagocytosis, Antigen presentation, and production of cytokines/chemokines |
| Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNs) | Circulate in blood --> Migrate to infection sites. Function similar to macrophages. Source of defensins. (Multilobed nucleus) |
| Defensive enzymes in tears | Lysozyme |
| Lysozyme target | Peptidoglycan bonds |
| Opsonins | Coat microbes for phagocytosis (ex. C36) |
| Chemotatic Factors | PMN migration from blood to infection (ex. C5a) |
| Membrane Attack Complex | Creates pores in membrane of bacterial cells |
| Steps in Phagocytosis | 1) Phagocytosis 2) Formatikon of Phagolysosome 3) Oxidation/Non-oxidative killing (Reaction Oxygen/Nitrogen Species -- H2O2 or NO) |
| Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) | Bind Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) |
| TLR4 | Recognizes LPS |
| TLR2 | Recognizes Peptidoglycan |
| TLR3 | Recognizes dsRNA |
| TLR5 | Recognizes flagellin |
| Toll-Like Receptor Characteristics | Transmembrane, Intracellular cascade --> Leads to transcription factor (Transcribes NFKB) |
| Interleukins (IL) | Made by lymphoctes/Monocytes. Controls growth/differentiation |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor | Cytotoxic for tumor cells. Increased vascular permeability. (Allows PMN to reach desired site). |
| Chemokines | Chemotatic cytokines: Stimulate cell migration (Ex. IL-8) |
| Interferons (IFNs) | In response to Viral Infection. Blocks viral replication/assembly |
| Endogenous Pyrogens | In response to Microbial Infection. Induce Fever (IL-1, IL-6, TNF). |
| B Cells genesis | Mature in Bone Marrow |
| T Cell genesis | Mature in Thymus |
| Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immunity | Based on T Cells: Defends against intracellular pathogens (viruses, intracellular bacteria) |
| Humoral Adaptive Immunity | Based on antibodies: Defends against extracellular pathogens |
| Primary lymphoid organs | Where B/T cells are formed. (Bone Marrow, Thymus) |
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | Where antigens engage B/T Cells (Lymph Nodes) |
| B Cells | Activated when surface receptors bind to specific antigens. Receptors are antibodies. Proliferate and develop into plasma cells and memory cells. |
| Plasma Cells | Produce/Secrete Antibodies |
| Antibodies | Defend against Extracellular Pathogens. Proteins made by B Cells. Attached to B cell surface OR soluble. Bind antigens. |
| 5 Clsses of Antibodies | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| IgM | Primary Immune Response |
| IgG | Primary in Blood |
| IgA | Secretions/Mucous |
| Epitope | Antigen binding site |
| 3 Major functions of Antibodies | 1) Neutralization 2) Opsonization 3) Complement Activation |
| Antibody Structure | 2 Heavy Chains, 1 Light Chain. |
| Fab | Antigen binding region |
| Fc | Crystallizable Fragment |
| Mechanism of antibody diversity | Rearrangement of antibody gene segments |
| 3 Dynamic Domains of Heavy/Light Chain Production | VDJ -- Variability, Diversity, and Joining (As well as C -- Constant) |
| RAG Enzymes | Facilitates splicing/rearranging of DNA |
| Clonal Selection | The upregulation of a single antibody-expressing B-Cell in response to a antigen |
| Helper T Cells | Makes cytokines --> ACtivates B cells --> Makes antibodies or stimulates macrophages |
| Cytotoxic T-Cells | Kills your own cells expressing foreign antigens using Perforins or Granzymes |
| Granzymes | Induces Apoptosis |
| Major Histocompaatibility Complex (MHC) | Activates T-Cell Receptors to bind antigens (AKA Human Leukocyte Antigen) |
| Class I MHC | On all nucleated cells (Presents peptides from proteins made in cytoplasm by virus/pathogen) Presents peptides to cytotoxic T-Cells |
| Class II MHC | On antigen presenting cells: Peptides from extracellular pathogens taken up via endocytosis. Presents peptides to helper T-Cells |
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